Table of Specification (TOS)

with an Overview on Test

Construction
Presented to the teachers of
DepEd Bacoor City June 6, 2016

Presented by: Arnel O. Rivera

Faculty Member BNHS-Villa Maria CAS,
LPU-Cavite

http://www.slideshare.net/sirarne
lPHhistory

OUTLIN
E:

Reading Diet
Introduction
Table of Specification
Situational Judgment Tests (SJT)
Workshop
Wrap-up

For every
problem
there is a solution. If
you are not part of
the solution then
you are part of the
PROBLEM.
Chinkee Tan
Chink Positive

13% of students who got low

grades in
WORLDWATCH,
The
Philadelphia
Trumpettest
(August
exams
are
caused
by
faulty
2005)
questions.

Common observation of
students
on test questions
Hindi kasama sa lessons.
Masyadong mahaba ang question at
mga pagpipilian.
Hindi maayos ang layout ng test,
putol- putol ang mga sentence.
Nakakalito ang mga tanong. Minsan
wala sa pagpipiliaan ang sagot.

Possible reasons for faulty

test
questions:
Questions are copied verbatim from
the
book or other resources.
Not consulting the course outline.
Much consideration is given to reduce
printing cost.
No TOS or TOS was made after
making
the test.

Factors to consider in preparing

test
questions (Oriondo & Antonio,
Purpose of the
test
1984)
Time available to prepare,
administer and score the test.
Number of students to be tested.
Skill of the teacher in writing the
test. Facilities available in
reproducing the
test.

To be able to prepare a
GOOD TEST, one has to have
a mastery of the subject

matter, knowledge of the

pupils to be tested, skill in
verbal expression and the
use of the different test
format

Evaluating Educational
Outcomes (Oriondo &
Antonio,1984)

Characteristics of Good Tests

Validity the extent to which the
test measures what it intends to
measure
Reliability the consistency with
which a test measures what it is
supposed to measure
Usability the test can be
administered with ease, clarity and
uniformity

Other Things to Consider

Scorability easy to score
Interpretability test results can
be properly interpreted and is a
major basis in making sound
educational decisions
Economical the test can be
reused without compromising
the validity and reliability

General Steps in Test Construction

DRAFT
PRODUCE A

T.O.S.

ORDER

TEST

ANALYZE

SUBMISSION

Table of Specifications
(TOS)

A two way chart that relates the

learning outcomes to the course
content
It enables the teacher to prepare a
test containing a representative
sample of student knowledge in
each of the areas tested.

Sample
TOS

KPU Paradox
Knowledge (Remembering)
answers the question what, where
and when? (ano, saan at kailan)
Process (Application & Analysis)
answers the question how? (paano)
Understanding (Analysis) answers
the
question why ?(bakit)

THE LEVELS OF
COGNITIVE
DOMAIN
The levels are the guiding posts in
constructing
test
items.
Regardless
of what
type
of
teacher-made
tests
the teacher
will prepare, the items must follow the
pattern set for evaluation.
The following items are features of
levels with regards to the objectives
of the lessons.

1.

(Remembering)

includes those
KNOWLEDGE

that deal
objectives
recall,
recognize facts, with
terminology,
etc.

Example:
Sino
ang
kaunaunahang bayani ng Pilipinas na
nakipaglaban sa mga Kastila?

2. COMPREHENSION
(Understanding)
It requires the learnersto
change
includes
some
level
form
of communication
to the
of
understanding.
connection
or relations among
the
see
parts
of
a communication
(interpretation) or draw a conclusion
(inference).
Example: Bakit sa tabing dagat
naninirahan ang mga sinaunang
Pilipino?

3.
(Applying)
APPLICATION
it
requires the pupils
to use
previously acquired information in
a setting other than the one in
which it was learned.
Example:
Alin sa mga sumusunod ang
uri
ng pamumuhay
noong
panahon ng Martial Law?

4. ANALYSIS
It
logical
the pupils to identify
(Analysing)
requires
the prediction errors
erroneo
(point
the
out
differentia among
or
us
inference assumption
hypothesis
te
facts,
),
conclusion
relationshi
amon
s, dra
or
opinions,
ideas
or to compare
and
s,
w
ps
g
contrast.
Example:
sa
sumusunod
dapat
ginawa mga
ng mgaang
upan
Alin
Pilipino makamit
ang
glaba
inaasam
na
kalayaan sa n
mga
Kastila?

5. SYNTHESIS (Creating)
objectives at this level require the
pupils to [produce something unique
or original. Test questions at this level
require the pupils to solve unfamiliar
problems or combine parts to form a
unique or novel whole.
Example: Bilang mag-aaral, paano ka
makakatulong sa pagpapanatili ng
kalinisan n gating kapaligiran?

6. EVALUATION (Evaluating)
Under this objective, the learners
are required to form judgments
about the value of methods, ideas,
people or products that have a
specific purpose.
Example: Alin sa mga sumusunod
ang higit na mabisang
paraan ng
pagsugpo sa ipinagbabawal na
gamot?

Tips in Preparing the Table

of Specifications (TOS)
Dont make it overly detailed.
It's best to identify major ideas and
skills rather than specific details.
Use a cognitive
that is
most
taxonomy
appropriate to your discipline.
Weigh the appropriateness of the
distribution of checks against the
students' level, the importance of the
test, the amount of time available.

General Rules in Writing Test

Questions
Number test questions continuously. Keep
your test question in each test group uniform.
Make your layout presentable.
Do not put too many test questions in one
test group.
T or F: 10 15 questions
Multiple Choice: max. of 30 questions
Matching type: 5 questions per test group
Others: 5 10 questions

Some additional guidelines to

when writing items
consider
are described
below:
1.Avoid humorous items. Classroom testing is
very important and humorous items may cause
students to either not take the exam seriously,
become confused or anxious.
2.Items should measure ones knowledge of the
item context not their level of interest.
Write items to measure what students know, not
what they do not know. (Cohen & Wallack)

Anatomy of a Perfect
Multiple Choice Tests
What is the effect of releasing a ball in
positive gravity?
a) It will fall down. correct
It will retain its mass. true but unrelated
It will rise. false but related
Its shape will change. false and unrelated

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Use negatively stated stems sparingly and
when using negatives such as NOT,
underline or bold the print.
2. Use none of the above and all of the above
sparingly, and when you do use them, don't
always make them the right answer.
3. Only one option should be correct or clearly
best.

Multiple Choice Questions:

4. All options should be homogenous and
nearly equal in length.
The stem (question) should contain only
one main idea.
Keep all options either singular or plural.
Have four or five responses per stem
(question).

Multiple Choice Questions:

7. When using incomplete statements
place
the blank space at the end.
When possible organize the
responses.
Reduce wordiness.
7. When writing distracters, think of
incorrect responses that students
might make.

Situation
al
Judgment
Tests
(SJT)

Situational Judgment Tests

(SJT)
Is a type of test which presents
realistic scenarios similar to those
that would be encountered in real
life.
(http://blog.careerbuilder.co.uk/2015/06/11/
what- you-need-to-know-about-situationjudgement- tests/)

Situational judgment tests

(SJT)
Situational judgment tests
present the test-taker with realistic,
hypothetical scenarios and ask the
individual to identify the most
appropriate response or to rank the
responses in the order they feel is
most effective.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situational_jud
geme nt_test)

Why use
SJTs?
Situational judgment tests are
designed to clarify the difference
between average from superior
response. The most effective
response will look at the situation
from various angles, consider a wider
range of action, and take account the
long-term consequences of action.
(Sharpley, 2010)

Formats in SJT
questions
Ranking questions

ask you to
rank in order your response to a
situation.
Multiple choice questions ask you
to choose the most appropriate
action or decision to take in a
given situation.
(http://www.foundationprogrammeguru.co.u
k/the- situational-judgement-test.html)

Things to remember in making SJT

Questions
Since SJT questions require learners
to identify the best or worst answer,
the stem should be presented in a
manner in which the test taker will
choose the correct answer by
eliminating the distractors.

Things to remember in making SJT

Questions
In making the choices, the correct
answer should always be the one that
actually solves the problem or answer
the question. Logically, the correct
answers need to be distinct from the
other answer options. Hence if two
answer options seem very similar, it
would be very difficult to identify the
distractor.
(http://www.foundationprogrammeguru.co.uk/thesituational- judgement-test.html)

Conceptual Framework
Conce
pt

Idea
s
Situational
Judgement
al Test (SJT)

Answ

Example:
Kalabisa
n
(Surplu
s)

A. Bawasan ang
B. Bawasan ang
supply
demand
C. Taasan ang
presyo
D. Ibaba ang
presyo

Ang kalabisan ay dahilan

magkaroon ng pagbaba
upang
ng
presyo
upang makamit
ang
presyong
ekwilibriyo.
Sa presyong 1,000,
ang demand para sa
cellphone A ay
10,000. Ngunit ang
naprodyus na
cellphone A ay
14,000. Ano ang
dapat gawin upang
magkaroon ng
ekwilibriyo?

Answer:
D

Knowledge:
Alin sa mga sumusunod ang
nagpapahiwatig na may
kakapusan sa bansa?
Kung mabilis ang paggawa ng
produkto.
Kung sagana ang produkto sa
pamilihan.
Kung may kaguluhan sa pulitika.
Kung limatado ang suplay ng
kalakal sa bansa.

Process:
Sa papaanong paraan mo maitataguyod ang
karapatan sa tamang impormasyon?
Pag-aralan ang nakatatak sa etiketa ukol sa
sangkap, dami, at komposisyon ng produkto.
Palaging pumunta sa timbangang-bayan
upang matiyak
na husto ang biniling produkto.
Pahalagahan ang kalidad at hindi ang tatak
ng produkto o serbisyong bibilhin.
Palagiang gumamit ng recycled na produkto
upang
mapangalagaan ang kapaligiran.

Understanding:
Maituturing na kagustuhan ang isang bagay
kapag higit ito sa batayang pangangailangan.
Kailan maituturing na batayang pangangailangan
ang isang produkto o serbisyo?
Magagamit mo ito upang maging madali ang
mahirap na
gawain.
Nagbibigay ito ng kasiyahan at kaginhawaan.
Hindi mabubuhay ang tao kapag wala ang
mga ito.
Makabibili ka ng maraming bagay sa
pamamagitan nito.

Understanding:
Nagsimula sa maliit na puhunan ang negosyo ni
Mang Cenon, hanggang ito ay lumaki at
nagkaroon ng ibat ibang sangay sa Bulacan.
Alin ang HINDI dahilan ng kanyang pag- unlad?
Maayos ang kanyang pangangasiwa.
Marami siyang kabarkada at kaanak
Malawak ang kanyang kaalaman sa negosyo.
Mahusay siyang makitungo sa kanyang mga
tauhan.

Things to Remember:
Making a good test takes time
Teachers have the obligation to provide their
students with the best evaluation
Tests play an essential role in the life of the
students, parents, teachers and other educators
Break any of the rules when you have a good
reason for doing so! (emphasis mine)
(Mehrens, 1973)

POINTS TO PONDER
A good lesson makes a good question A
good question makes a good content A good
content makes a good test
A good test makes a good grade
A good grade makes a good student
A good student makes a good COMMUNITY
Jesus Ochave Ph.D.
VP Research Planning & Development
Philippine Normal University

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