1760-1850

INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

IDs.

Capitalism
Industrial Proletariat
Sadler Commission
Child Labor Laws
Jeremy Bentham
Utilitarianism
Thomas Malthus
David Ricardo
Comte de SaintSimon

Karl Marx
James Watt
Adam Smith
Entrepreneur
Trade union
Luddites
Joint-stock
investment bank

Introduction

Introduction

At the end of the 18th century a new type

of revolution overtook Europe.
An increase in production brought about by

the use of machines and characterized by

the use of new energies.

Three factors in Europe:

Increased wealth
Population increase
Rapid expansion of trade

Why Britain?

Reasons:

Fundamental changes:
Production of goods
Way of life

The Middle Class

Acquired a great detail of wealth during

this time by trade and manufacturing.
Joint-Stock Companies
Entrepreneurs

Growth of the Nation

State

Governments switched from Bullionism to

Mercantilism:
Favorable balance of trade
More Exports than Imports

Overseas colonies
Self-sufficiency
Acquired colonies to ensure that the mother colony

could be sustain their industries.

Essential Industries
Industries deemed necessary for a countries
posterity and security.
Countries protected these through the use of taxes
and tariffs .

Direct Causes of the

Industrial Revolution:

Population Explosion

Increase in human capital

Increase in consumers
Englands population:
1800- 190 million
1850- 260 million

Large supply of capital

Bank of London
Lloyds of London

Entrepreneurs
Colonial Empire
Role of Government
Avoided devastation from continental wars
Rise of the House of Commons
Favorable business legislation

Agricultural Changes

First: Enclosure Movement

Landowners became prosperous and

they invested in technology

Created surplus food supply

Increased population

Fueled urbanization
Industrial proletariat

Second: Improved
Techniques

Increased a fields yield

Equipment
Improvements in the husbandry, pest control,

irrigations, and equipment.

Techniques
Shift from Three Field system to Crop Rotation.

These advancements made it possible to

sustain a large population. In addition, It
decreased the amount of individuals
required to farm.

Technological
Advancements

Textiles

Domestic System Mechanization

John Kay
1733
Flying Shuttle
Increased weaving
capability

James Hargreaves
1760
Spinning Jenny
Increase thread
production

Richard Arkwright
1769
Water Frame

Water powered

Greatly increased
thread production
Low quality

Samuel Compton
1779
Spinning Mule
Perfected
Hargreaves's and
Arkwright's
inventions

Edmund Cartwright
1785
Power Loom
Mechanization

Rise of Factories

Requirements for the construction of a

factory:

Mining

Coal
Terrible conditions
Labor intensive
Limited regulation
Slowly mechanized and improved

Iron
Abraham Darby
Pig Iron

Transportation

Steam
Greatest Achievement
Allowed factories to be constructed away from

rivers
James Watt, 1755
Adapted it to many industries

Transportation

Determines Cost
Availability of resources
Communication
The driving force behind the Industrial
Revolution.

Waterways

Constructed canals to move materials.

Made possible by steam power

Privately funded
Duke of Bridgewater

Steamboat
Robert Fulton (Am.)

Railroads

Tramways
Human or animal powered
Switched to utilized the steam engine

Early Development (1804-1820)

Richard Trevithick
John Blenkinsop
William Hedley

George Stephenson

Made railroads commercially successful

Designed Stockton & Darlington line
First public railroad
Locomotion n. 1

Liverpool and Manchester Railway

The Rocket

Railroad Advancement

Dominated transportation
Expansion
1836-1,000 miles
1852-7,000 miles

Impact:
Reduced cost
Increased industrial productivity
Increased urbanization

Economics: Capita,
Labor, Laissez

Wealth

Feudal Societies

Transition of Wealth

Investments
Joint Stock Companies

Capital

Long-Term

Short-Term

Wages

Banking Problems

Laissez Faire

Classical Economics

Hands off

Adam Smith

Wealth of Nations
Capitalism

Opposed
Mercantilism

Individuals should
follow their
Enlightened selfinterest

Thomas Malthus

Clergyman

Essay on the Principle

of Population

Feared rapid
population Growth

Food supply should be

the means to govern a
nations population

David Ricardo

In Principles of
Political Economy

Iron Law
Birth Rate Wages

Human Aspect/ Social

Consequences

19th Century Population Growth

Decline in the death rate

An increase in the birth rate

Elimination of plagues

Increase in the availability food

Factory Locations

Factors:
Power supply
Labor supply

Factory towns

Mining Towns

The Towns

Urbanization
Population problem
Physical Conditions
Diseases
Typhoid
Cholera

Public Health Act, 1848

The Golf Links

The golf links lie so near the mill

That almost every day
The laboring children can look out
And see the men at play.
-Sarah Norcliffe Cleghorn

Labor Problems

Horrible Conditions
Child labor exploitation
Workers were disposable
Unionization
Luddites
Groups began to organize to resist the exploitation

of the industrial proletariat by business owners

Combination Act, 1799
Robert Owens
Grand National Consolidated Trade Union

Labor Problems

Poorhouse
Provided work to whose who were

unemployed

Friedrich Engels
The Condition of the Working Class in

England

Factory Act 1833

Saddler Commission

First effective act

Helped Children
Textiles Industries

Mines Act of 1842