Concrete Design

Concrete

It is an artificial stone derived from a mixture of properly

proportioned amount of hydraulic cement, fine
aggregates, coarse aggregates and water, with or without
admixtures.

A mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic

cement, fine aggregates, course aggregates and water,
with or without admixtures.

Admixture

Is a material other than water, aggregate or hydraulic

cement used as an ingredient of concrete and added to
concrete before and during ots mixing to modify its
properties.

Admixture
Accelerator an admixture which hasten the hardening rate
and/or initial setting time of concrete.

Retarder an admixture which slows the setting rate of

concrete.

Concrete Design Mix

Typical distribution of raw materials by volume
for a normal strength concrete.

Concrete Design Mix

Note:
Cement accounts for most of the concrete raw material cost.

Reinforced Concrete
Is a composite material in which concretes
relatively low tensile strength and ductility are
countered by the inclusion of reinforcement having
higher tensile strength and ductility.

Choice of slump
If slump is not specified, a value appropriate for the
work can be selected from the given table:
Table A1.5.3.1
Recommended Slumps for
Various Types of Construction (SI)
Types of construction

Slump, mm
Maximum Minimum

Reinforced foundation walls and footings

75

25

Plain footings, caissons & substructure walls

75

25

Beams and reinforced walls

100

25

Building columns

100

25

Pavements and Slabs

75

25

Mass concrete

75

25

Slump Test

Slump is a measurement of concrete's workability, or fluidity.

It's an indirect measurement of concrete consistency or stiffness.

Types of Slumps
The

slumped concrete takes various shapes,

and according to the profile of slumped
concrete, the slump is termed as;

Apparatus
Slump

Mold

Dimension of Slump Cone:

Diameter of the base 203 mm
Diameter of the top 102 mm
Altitude 305 mm

Apparatus

Tamping Rod

A tamping rod made of round, straight steel 16 mm in diameter

and approximately 600 mm in length,with the tamping end
rounded to a hemispherical tip of 16 mm diameter.

Apparatus
Shovel

/ Scoop and Ruler

Procedure
1. To obtain a representative sample, take samples from two or more
regular intervals throughout the discharge of the mixer or truck. DO
NOT take samples at the beginning or the end of the discharge.
2. Dampen inside of cone and place it on a smooth, moist, nonabsorbent, level surface large enough to accommodate both the
slumped concrete and the slump cone. Stand or, foot pieces
throughout the test procedure to hold the cone firmly in place.
3. Fill cone 1/3 full by volume and rod 25 times with steel tamping rod.
Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross section of the sample.

Procedure
4. Fill cone 2/3 full by volume. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into, but
not through first layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross section of
the layer.
5. Fill cone to overflowing. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into but not
through, second layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross section of
this layer.
6. Remove the excess concrete from the top of the cone, using tamping rod as a
screed. Clean overflow from base of cone.
7. Immediately lift cone vertically with slow, even motion. Do not jar the concrete or
tilt the cone during this process. Invert the withdrawn cone, and place next to, but
not touching the slumped concrete. (Perform in 5-10 seconds with no lateral or
torsional motion.)

Procedure
8. Lay a straight edge across the top of the slump cone. Measure the
amount of slump in inches from the bottom of the straight edge to
the top of the slumped concrete at a point over the original center
of the base. The slump operation shall be completed in a
maximum elapsed time of 2 1/2 minutes. Discard concrete. DO
NOT use in any other tests.

Slump

Ruler

Slump Cone

Slump Test
Testing tip:
Since concrete setting is time and temperature dependent, this test must be
started within 5 minutes after obtaining the composite sample and completed
within 2 minutes after the filling process begins.

Water-cement ratio [w/c] or

water cementitious material ratio [w/(c+p)]
The required water cement ratio is determined
not only by strength requirements but also by
factors such as durability.
Since different aggregates, cements and
cementitious materials will produce different
strength at the same w/c ratio, it is highly
desirable to have or develop the relationship
between strength and w/c ratio for the materials
actually to be used.
In the absence of such data, approximate and
relatively conservative values for concrete
containing Type I portland cement can be taken
from table.

Table A1.5.3.4(a) Relationship between Water-cement

Ratio
and Compressive Strength of
Concrete (SI)
Water-cement ration, by mass
Compressive strength at 28
days, Mpa

Non-air-entrained
Concrete

Air-entrained
Concrete

40

0.42

35

0.47

0.39

30

0.54

0.45

25

0.61

0.52

20

0.69

0.60

15

0.79

0.70

Maximum size of aggregate

Large nominal maximum sizes of well graded
aggregates have less voids than smaller sizes.
Hence, concrete with the larger-sizes well graded
aggregates requires less mortar per unit volume
of concrete.
Generally, the nominal maximum size of
aggregate should be the largest that is
economically available and consistent with
dimensions of the structure.
In no event should the nominal maximum size
exceed
one-fifth of the narrowest dimension between sides of
forms,
one-third the depth of slabs,

2nd test: Making and curing test specimens

MAKING AND CURING

CONCRETE TEST
SPECIMENS IN THE
FIELD
31

Apparatus needed :Cylinder mold

32

Apparatus (Cylinder mold)

We will need the following apparatus for the test. Cylinder mold made of
steel 150 mm. In diameter and 300 mm in height constructed in the form of
right circular cylinders and the top open to receive the concrete and shall be
watertight and sufficiently strong and tough to permit their used without
tearing, crushing or deforming.

Apparatus (Beam Mold)

Beam

mold ,
rectangular in
shape and having a
length of 21". The
cross section shall
be 6" by 6".

Apparatus (Tamping Rod)

Apparatus
(Tools such as shovels, pails, trowels, straight edge, scoop
and ruler)

36

Water storage tank

37

Sampling and mixing receptacle

38

II. MAKING AND CURING OF CONCRETE COMPRESSION

AND FLEXURE TEST SPECIMENS IN FIELD
(AASHTO Designation T 23)
(ASTM Designation C 31)
For the method of making and curing concrete specimens in the
laboratory (AASHTO Designation T126)
1.

Molding of (cylindrical specimens) compression test specimens

3 layers
25 blows/layer
24

12

1 set (3 cylinders)
for every 75 m3 or
fraction thereof, each day of pouring
6
5/8 Rammer

2. Molding of (Beam) Flexure Test Specimens

For Concrete Pavement

Beam Specimens
A= L x W
= 21 x 6
= 126 sq. in.
1 Blow per 2 sq. in.

6
21

126 = 63 blows
2
layer
2 layers
63 blows / layer using the
same rammer as in concrete
cylinder sample

3. CURING
A. Application of water to counteract evaporation
Ponding
Sprinkling
Spraying
Wet burlap
Wet Earth
Wet Sand
Saw Dust
Straw
B. Application of water proof paper or moisture retention cover sealing
curing compound

* Continuous moist curing at a temperature range of 15.5oC

37.5oC gives the best results

III. STRENGTH DETERMINATION OF CONCRETE

TEST SPECIMENS (AASHTO T 97)
1.

Flexural Strength of Beam Specimens

a. Third Point Loading Method
R=

PL
bd2

//////////////
1 in Min.

=
P 18
6 x 6 x 6

P in #
12 in2

Where:
R = Modulus of rupture, psi or Mpa

D = L/3

Specimen

P = Load in lbs. or in tons

L = Span length in inches

L/3

L/3

Span Length
L

l/3

b = base in inches
d = depth

1. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface within the

middle third of the span length.
R =

PL
bd2

2. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of

the middle third of the span length by not more than
5 percent of the span length.
R=

3 Pa
bd2

Where:
a = average distance between line of fracture and the
nearest support measured on the tension surface of the
beam.

Example: Flexural Strength using the third point loading

Method, FS
FS = 2.40 tons x 2204.6 lbs
tons
FS = 440.92 psi x .006895

1
12 in2

Mpa
psi

= 440.92 psi

= 3.04 MPa

b. Center Point Loading Method:

1 in. min.
(25 mm)
L/3

L/2

L/2
Span Length,
L

R=
Where:

3 PL
2 bd2

R = Modulus of Rupture
P = Load
L = Span length
b base
d = depth

STRENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE SPECIMENS

(AASHTO Designation T 22)
(ASTM Designation C 39)
Rate of Loading for Compressive Strength test:
Load applied at a constant rate within range 20 to 50 psi / sec.
For Cylinder:

Cross Sectional Area =

12

IID2
4 2
Ac= 3.1416 (6)2 = 28.27
in.
4
Compressive Strength = 64,000 lbs X .006895 Mpa
28.27 in.2
psi
CS = 15.6 MPa
DPWH Specs (Blue Book)
Compressive Strength requirement 24.1 Mpa (3,500 psi)
Min. at 14 days

REINFORCING STEEL BAR

REINFORCING STEEL BAR

a steel product of plain, round or deformed cross-section for
concrete reinforcement

Classification
Deformed Steel Bar surface of which is provided with lugs or
protrusions called deformation.
Plain Steel Bar

without surface deformation

Grade - Steel bar shall be graded according to its minimum

yield strength
Grade 280 (40) bars

are furnished only in sizes 3 through 6

(10 mm through 19 mm)

Grade 520 (75) bars are furnished only in sizes through 18
(19 mm through 57 mm)
Length available at 5.0, 6.0, 7.5, 9.0, 10.5

and 12.0 meters

Sizes - 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 28mm, 32mm, 36mm,

40mm and 50 mm in diameter

 Uses
Embedded in concrete for purpose of resisting
particular stresses
Control cracking of concrete structure
Maintain the structural integrity of the slab between
transverse joints
Prevents the progressive opening of cracks by
holding the edges of the cracks closely together

Sampling/Minimum Testing Requirement

Quality Test (Q.T.)
One (1) (Q.T.) for every 10,000 kgs or fraction thereof
for
each size
Test Specimen :
1 meter representative of the size of steel bar intended for
test.
mark in the center of the test specimen a 200 mm ( 8 ) gage
length.

Testing Equipment :

Universal Machine - main equipment

having
100 tons or 200,000 lbs. capacity

TESTS ON REINFORCING STEEL

BARS
1. Variation in Mass
The test determines the actual size of the bar based on weight
Measurement per one-meter length and determines its variation to
the standard nominal mass per respective size of the steel bar

Variation in Mass, % :
Actual Mass of Specimen, kg/m - Nominal Mass,
kg/m x 100
Nominal Mass, kg/m

DPWH Specification:
Variation in Mass, % : Shall not exceed 6% under nominal
weight
except for bars smaller than 3/8 in. (10
mm)
plain round. In no case shall the
overweight
be the cause for rejection.

Weight measurement per meter length of

steel bar

2.

Determination of

Tensile Properties

The test is intended to determine the yield and tensile

strength of the bar as well as its elongation, and is used to
classify the bars into grade.

Load the Specimen sustains during test

Tensile Strength = Maximum
_____________________________________________
Nominal cross-sectional Area of the Specimen

Load sustain by the Specimen by the sudden halt of Load

Yield Point = _____________________________________________

Nominal cross-sectional Area of the Specimen

AASHTO M 31 ( 2003 )
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR DEFORMED AND PLAIN STEEL BARS
FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
Strength Requirements:
Grade

Tensile Strenght , MPa, min.

280 ( 40 )
420 ( 60 )
520 ( 75 )

420
620

Yield Stenght , Mpa, min.

280
420

690

520

Elongation Requirements:
Bar Designation No. / mm
No. 3

( 10 )

Grade 280(40)

Grade 420 (60) Grade 520(75)

11

No. 4, 5 ( 13, 16 )

12

No. 6

12

No. 7, 8 ( 22, 25 )

No. 9,10,11 ( 29, 32, 36 )

No. 14, 18 ( 43, 57 )

( 19 )

Bending Requirement

No cracking on outside bent

Variation in Mass, %

6.0 Max. under nominal mass

Phosphorous Content, %

0.06 Max.

Footnotes:
Grade 280 (40) are furnished only in sizes from 10 mm through 19 mm
Grade 420 (60) are furnished in all sizes from 10 mm to 57 mm
Grade 520 (75) are furnished only in sizes from 19 mm through 57 mm

55

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD

PNS 49: 2000

SPECIFICATION FOR STEEL BARS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

Strength Requirements:
GRADE

MINIMUM TENSILE STRENGTH, Mpa MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH, Mpa

Non - Weldable

Weldable

Non - Weldable

Weldable

230

390

390

230

230

275

480

480

275

275

415

620

550 *

415

415 **

Elongation Requirements:
GRADE

PERCENT

BAR DIAMETER, mm

NON WELDABLE
230

275

425

ELONGATION
WELDABLE

< 25 mm

18

20

25 mm

16

18

< 25 mm

10

16

25 mm

14

< 25 mm

14

25 mm

12

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD

PNS 49: 2000

SPECIFICATION FOR STEEL BARS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

Dimensional Properties
Parameters

Nominal
20

25

28

2.466

3.853

4.834

Nominal X-Sect. Area, mm2 78.54 113.10 201.06 314.16 490.88

615.75

Nominal Unit Mass, kg/m

Max. Ave. Spacing, mm

Min. Lug Height, mm

10

12

0.616

0.888 1.578

7.0
0.4

16

Diameter, mm
32
6.313

36

40

7.990

9.865

804.25 1017.88 1256.64

8.4

11.2

14.0

17.25

19.6

22.4

25.2

28.0

0.5

0.7

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

Max. Lug Height, mm

0.8

1.0

1.4

2.0

2.4

2.8

3.2

3.6

4.0

Max. Summ. Of Gaps, mm

7.8

9.4

12.6

15.7

19.6

22.0

25.1

27.5

31.41

Variation in Mass, %

Note : * Tensile srength shall not be less than 1.25 times the actual yield strength. TS / TY for
Weldable 1.25
** Yield Strength = 540 Mpa max.

TENSILE STRENGTH DETERMINATION OF REINFORCING STEEL BARS

3. Elongation : express as the increase in length of the gage length as a

percentage of the original gage length.

Elongation, % : Final Elongation, mm Gage Length, mm

Gage Length, mm

x 100

DPWH Specification:
Elongation, % :See Table (Based on the size of steel bar)

Measurement of rebar elongation

4. Phosphorous Content Determination

The test evaluates the ductile properties of rebars
DPWH Specification:
Phosphorous Content, % = 0.06 Max

5. Deformation Measurements (For deformed Bar)

Average spacing (spacing between the lugs)

Average Height (Height of the lug)

Gap (Width of the Rib)

Measurement of rebar deformation

6.

Determination of Bending Properties

The test is one of the methods in evaluating the ductile
properties of the reinforcing steel bars.

Reporting :Examine carefully the bent portion for any sign of

cracking on the outside bend and report with
satisfactory when no cracks appears and
unsatisfactory when sign of crack occurs.

Set cold bend apparatus then

place sample for bending test

Start the bending

operation using Universal
Testing Machine (UTM)

A slump Cone use to test freshly mixed concrete is a mold in

the form of lateral of lateral surface of the frustum of a cone
with a base diameter 8 and a top diameter of 4. What is its
height?
a.

b.

c.

12

d.

24

It is the most important component in determining the

strength of concrete
a.

Cement

b.

Water

c.

Sand

d.

Gravel

The most important factor affecting the strength of concrete

a.

Void Cement Ratio

b.

Water

c.

Quantity of Cement

d.

Water

When do you get samples for a Slump Test?

a.

At the start of mixer discharge

b.

At the middle of mixer discharge

c.

At the end of mix

d.

At any time of mixer discharge

Reinforced Concrete
Design

BEAMS

Ultimate Load

= Reduction factor x Nominal Load

Ultimate Capacity = Reduction Factor x Nominal Capacity

Strength Reduction Factors F(Phi)

A. Flexure without axial

0.90

Axial tension, and axial tension with flexure

0.90

Axial Compression, and Axial Compression with Flexure

A. Spiral

0.75

B. Ties

0.70

0.85

Shear and Tension

Bearing on Concrete
0.70

Analysis and Design of beams

Balanced Section
The steel provided in the beam is such that both concrete
and steel reach the limiting values of strain simultaneously.

Steel ratio
r

Ratio of tension
reinforcement

= As/bd

rmax = .75rbal
*For flexure members, it
should not exceed .75 of
balance
*and not less than 1.4/fy

rmin = 1.4/fy

Analysis and Design of beams

Under Reinforced Section
The steel provided in the beam is such that steel reach the limiting
values of strain prior to concrete. This results in yielding of the steel and
the steel could yield till it attains the ultimate strain at which point it
breaks.

Analysis and Design of beams

Over Reinforced Section

The steel provided in the beam is such that concrete reach
the limiting values of strain prior to steel. This results in
breaking of concrete and since now there is no concrete
present to take the compression the beam fails suddenly.
The additional margin that we get in under reinforced
section helps in prevention of a sudden failure and provide
the necessary warning to the inhabitants of the building.

Singly Reinforced Beam

Singly reinforced beam is one
in which the main
reinforcement is provided only
in the tension zone and also
here the ultimate bending
moment is less than the
limiting bending moment.

Doubly Reinforced Beam

Occasionally, beams are
restricted by space or
aesthetic requirements to such
extent the compression
concrete should be reinforced
with steel to carry
compression.

T- Beam
Reinforced concrete floor
usually consist of slabs and
beams, which are placed or
poured monolithically. In this
effect, the beam will have an
extra width at the top (that is
under compression) ca;;ed
flanges.

Mu = Moment Capacity of beams

Shear Reinforcements

Shear Reinforcements
Another type of beam failure other than bending
failure is shear failure. Shear failures are very
dangerous especially if it happens before flexure
failure because they can occur without warning

Type of Stirrups

The design of bending members for shear is based

on the assumption that concrete resist part of the
shear and any excess over and above what the
concrete could carry should be resisted by shear
reinforcement which may take in several forms.
a.

Vertical stirrups

b.

Inclined or diagonal stirrups; and

c.

The main reinforcement bent at ends to act as

inclined stirrups

Type of Shear Reinforcement

According to Section 5.11.5.1 of the Code, shear
reinforcement may consist of
a.

Stirrups perpendicular to axis of member, and

b.

Welded wire fabric with wires located

perpendicular to axis of member

Exceptions

Shear reinforcements shall be provided in all

reinforced concrete flexural members except as
follows:

1. slab and footings.

2. beams with any of the following:
a total depth less than 250mm,
2.5 times the flange thickness or
the width of the web, whichever is greater.
3. in concrete joist construction
4. where Vu <

Criteria Equations
= 1/6
Vc

Vc = shear force that concrete alone resists

b = width of rectangular beam or
=width of web for a T-beam
d = effective depth of beam
= strength reduction factor = 0.85
Vu = (for simply supported beams)

Spacing of Stirrups

S=

Vs = Vu/ Vc
Vs = Vn Vc = nominal shear strength provided by the shear reinforcement
Vn = Vu/
Vc = 1/6
when Vu > (needs stirrups)

Spacing Criterion

Smax = d/2 600mm

if

Smax = d/2 if

Smin > 2/3

Smin = 75mm or 100mm

Vs > 1/3

Vs 1/3

Minimum area of web reinforcement

Av =
Av = 2As = (for 10mm stirrups)
b = width of rectangular beam or
= web width for T-beams
S = spacing of stirrups center to center (mm)
fy = yield strength of web reinforcement

Development Length

min(

Development Length
Bar development length or Ld is the embedment
necessary to assure that the bar can be stressed to
its yield point with some reserved to insure
member toughness

Basic Development Length of Bars

For 32mm

and smaller

For 36mm
For deformed wire

Clear Cover

Sample Problems
What is the minimum concrete cover of
cast-in-place 2ndfloor slabs considering
42mm dia bars??

40 mm

Sample Problems
What is the minimum concrete cover of
cast-in-place slab on fill considering
16mm dia bars?

75 mm

Standard Hooks

Sample Problems
Given a 300mmx300mm Column with a 816mm dia main bars and 10mm dia. Ties,
what is the length of each column tie if the
column is nonprestressed and not exposed to
weather?

Sample Problems
Given a 300mmx350mm Column with a 8-20mm dia
main bars and 10mm dia. Ties, what is the length of
each column tie if the column is nonprestressed and
not exposed to weather?

COLUMNS

Tied columns

Spiral Columns

Short Column vs Long Column

If L<3*min(h,b) its a Short Column

Short Columns are called Pedestal

Pedestal may be designed without
reinforcements if the imposed
compression is less than 0.85

General Specification

Minimum

cross-section
200 X 300 mm
Minimum Gross Area
60000

Axial Load Capacity

Where
= Nominal Strength
= Ultimate Load
= Reduction Factor
= Concrete Strength
= Gross area of the Column
= Area of Steel

Reduction Factor

For Tied Column

= 0.80
= 0.70
For Spiral Column
= 0.85
=0.75

Longitudinal bars

0.01Ag

< Ast < 0.06Ag

Lateral Ties
10

mm - Longitudinal bars with

32mm or smaller

12mm

- Longitudinal bars with

36mm or larger and for bundled
Longitudinal bars

Spacing of Lateral Ties

The spacing of these ties shall not

exceed:
16 longitudinal bar diameter,
48 tie bar diameter or
the least dimension of the
compression member.

Spirals
For

Cast-in-place, Minimum size is 10 mm

Ratio

of Volume of Steel to Volume of Gross area is

derived by the equation:

Minimum ratio can be derived by:

Spacing of Spiral Ties

Minimum

Spacing of Spirals is 25mm

Maximum Spacing of Spiral is 75mm

THANK YOU!!