PDH & SDH

Delivered by: Dr. Erna Sri Sugesti

PDH
PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY.
A TECHNOLOGY USED IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS
NETWORK TO TRANSPORT LARGE QUANTITY OF
DATA OVER DIGITAL TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT SUCH
AS FIBRE OPTIC AND MICROWAVE RADIO WAVE
SYSTEMS.
THE TERM PLESIOCHRONOUS IS DERIVED FROM
Greek plesio which means near, and chronous,
time.
IT MEANS THAT PDH NETWORKS RUN IN A STATE
WHERE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE NETWORK ARE
ALMOST, BUT NOT QUITE PERFECTLY
SYNCHRONISED.

PDH
SENDING A LARGE QUANTITY OF DATA ON
FIBRE OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION ARE
SYNCHRONIZED BUT TIMING IS NOT.
THE CHANNEL CLOCKS ARE DERIVED FROM
DIFFERENT MASTER CLOCKS WHOSE RANGE
IS SPECIFIED TO LIE WITHIN CERTAIN LIMITS.
THE MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS CALLED A
PLESIOCHRONOUS SIGNAL.
PDH SIGNALS ARE NEITHER SYNCHRONOUS
NOR ASYNCHRONOUS.

PDH
PDH ALLOWS TRANSMISSION OF DATA
STREAMS THAT ARE NOMINALLY RUNNING AT
THE SAME RATE, BUT ALLOWING SOME
VARIATION ON THE SPEED AROUND A
NOMINAL RATE.
BY ANALOGY, ANY TWO WATCHES ARE
NOMINALLY RUNNING AT THE SAME RATE,
CLOCKING UP 60 SECONDS EVERY MINUTE.
HOWEVER, THERE IS NO LINK BETWEEN
WATCHES TO GUARANTEE THEY RUN AT
EXACTLY THE SAME RATE.
IT IS HIGHLY LIKELY THAT ONE IS RUNNING
SLIGHTLY FASTER THAN THE OTHER.

VERSIONS OF PDH
THERE ARE TWO VERSIONS OF PDH NAMELY
1) THE EUROPEAN AND 2 ) THE AMERICAN.
THEY DIFER SLIGHTLY IN THE DETAIL OF
THEIR WORKING BUT THE PRINCIPLES ARE
THE SAME.
EUROPEAN PCM = 30 CHANNELS
NORTH AMERICAN PCM = 24 CHANNELS
JAPANESE PCM = 24 CHANNELS
IN INDIA WE FOLLOW THE EUROPEAN PCM OF
30 CHANNELS SYSTEM WORKING.

EUROPEAN DIGITAL HIERARCHY

30 Channel PCM = 2 Mbps

2 Mbps x 4 = 8 Mbps
8 Mbps x 4 = 34 Mbps
34 Mbps x 4 = 140 Mbps
140 Mbps x 4 = 565 Mbps

EUROPEAN PDH HIERARCHY WITH BIT

RATES
MUX

BIT RATE

PARTS PER CHANNELS

MILLION

2 Mbps

2.048 Mbps

+/- 50 ppm 30

8 Mbps

8.448 Mbps

+/- 30 ppm 120

34 Mbps

34.368 Mbps +/- 20 ppm

140 Mbps 139.264

Mbps

+/- 15 ppm

480
1920

DESCRIPTION OF EUROPEAN E-CARRIER

SYSTEM
THE BASIC DATA TRANSFER RATE IS A STREAM OF 2048
KBPS.
FOR SPEECH TRANSMISSION, THIS IS BROKEN DOWN INTO
30 X 64 KBIT/S CHANNELS PLUS 2 X 64 KBPS CHANNELS
USED FOR SIGNALLING AND SYNCHRONIZATION.
ALTERNATIVELY, THE WHOLE 2 MB/S MAY BE USED FOR
NON SPEECH PURPOSES, FOR EXAMPLE, DATA
TRANSMISSION.
THE EXACT DATA RATE OF THE 2 MBPS DATA STREAM IS
CONTROLLED BY A CLOCK IN THE EQUIPMENT
GENERATING THE DATA.
THE EXACT RATE IS ALLOWED TO VARY SOME
PERCENTAGE (+/- 50 PPM) EITHER SIDE OF AN EXACT
2.048 MBPS.
DIFERENT 2 MBPS DATA STREAMS CAN BE RUNNING AT
SLIGHTLY DIFERENT RATES TO ONE ANOTHER.

MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE
IN ORDER TO MOVE MULTIPLE 2 MBPS DATA
STREAMS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER, THEY
ARE COMBINED TOGETHER OR MULTIPLEXED IN
GROUPS OF FOUR.
THIS IS DONE BY TAKING 1 BIT FROM STREAM #1,
FOLLOWED BY 1 BIT FROM STREAM #2, THEN #3,
THEN #4.
THE TRANSMITTING MULIPLEXER ALSO ADDS
ADDITIONAL BITS IN ORDER TO ALLOW THE FAR
END RECEIVING MULTIPLEXER TO DECODE WHICH
BITS BELONG TO WHICH 2 MBPS DATA STREAM,
AND SO CORRECTLY RECONSTITUTE THE ORIGINAL
DATA STREAMS.
THESE ADDITIONAL BITS ARE CALLED
JUSTIFICATION BITS OR STUFFING BITS

30 Chl Digital Hierarchy

8.448 Mbps

2.048 Mbps
Primary
Mux
30 Chls

II order
Mux
120 Chls

X4

34.368 Mbps

139.264 Mbps

III Order
Mux
480 Chls

IV Order
Mux

X4

1920 Chls

DIGITAL MUX CONCEPTS

BIT INTERLEAVING:
ALTERNATELY EACH CHANNEL CODE
CAN BE SCANNED ONE DIGIT AT A
TIME. THE MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS
CALLED A BIT INTERLEAVED
SIGNAL.
BIT INTERLEAVING IS USED IN
HIGHER ORDER MULTIPLEXING.
A1

A2

A3 A4

B1

B2

B3

B4

C1

C2

C3

C4

D1

D2

D3

D4

DIGITAL MUX CONCEPTS

BYTE INTERLEAVING
WORD / BYTE / BLOCK INTERLEAVING:
IF THE CHANNEL TIME SLOT IS LONG
ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE A GROUP
OF BITS THEN THE MULTIPLEXED
SIGNAL IS CALLED A BYTE
INTERLEAVED OR WORD INTERLEAVED
SIGNAL.
A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3 A4 B4 C4 D4

SLIP, JUSTIFICATION AND

JITTER
SLIP THIS OCCURS WHEN THE

INCOMING BIT RATE DOES NOT MATCH

WITH THE DIVIDED MUX/DEMUX CLOCK
RATE. SAME BIT MAY BE READ TWICE OR
LOSS OF BITS WILL OCCUR.

JUSTIFICATION:- IT IS A PROCESS OF
ADDING ADDITIONAL BITS TO SOLVE THE
PROBLEM OF SLIP.
JITTER:- DISPLACE MENT OF A PULSE
FROM ITS NORMAL SIGNIFICANT
INSTANT IS CALLED JITTER.

JUSTIFICATION -TYPES

POSITIVE JUSTIFICATION
JUSTIFICATION

NEGATIVE JUSTIFIATION
POSITIVE-NEGATIVE JUSTIFICATION

JUSTIFICATION
IF MUX CLOCK RATE IS HIGHER THAN
TRIBUTARY RATE, IT IS KNOWN AS
POSITIVE JUSTIFICATION. THIS IS USED
UPTO 140 MBPS SYSTEMS.
IF MUX CLOCK RATE IS LOWER THAN
TRIBUTARY RATE, IT IS KNOWN AS
NEGATIVE JUSTIFICATION.
IF ON AN AVERAGE, MUX CLOCK RATE
AND TRIBUTARY BIT RATE ARE EQUAL, IT
IS CALLED POSITIVE-NEGATIVE
JUSTIFICATION.

PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN HIGHER ORDER

MULTIPLEXING AND SOLUTIONS FOR THEM
1.

2.
3.

MUX CLOCK SPEEDS SHOULD BE SAME AT

BOTH THE ENDS. SOLUTION :- THIS PROBLEM
IS SOLVED BY USING P L L CIRCUIT AT
TERMINAL B TO RECOVER THE CLOCK.
SYNCHRONIZATION:- SOLUTION- THIS IS
SOLVED BY FRAME ALIGNMENT WORD (FAW).
TRIBUTARY BIT RATE AND MUX CLOCK
(DIVIDED) SHOULD BE THE SAME:- SOLUTION SOLVED BY PULSE STUFFING OR BIT STUFFING
OR JUSTIFICATION PROCESS. THISMEANS
ADDING ADDITIONAL BITS.

FOTS
FIBRE OPTIC TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM.
SUB SYSTEMS
DIGITAL MULTIPLEX SUB SYSTEM.
OPTICAL LINE TRANSMISSION SUB
SYSTEM.
CENTRAL SUPERVISORY SUB
SYSTEM
POWER SUB SYSTEM
ALARM SUB SYSTEM

Fiber Optic Cable

Fig 6.6

FIBRE OPTIC CABLE

Fiber Optic Cable
Consists of many extremely thin strands of
solid glass or plastic bound together in a
sheathing
Transmits signals with light beams
No risk of sparks, safe for explosive
environments
More expensive than coaxial, but more
bandwidth
Different colors of light are used to
simultaneously send
Multiple signals

OPTICAL LINE TRANSMISSION SUB

SYSTEM

OPTICAL LINE TERMINATING EQUIPMENT.

LINE SWITCHING EQUIPMENTS
LINE SUPERVISORY EQUIPMENTS
ORDERWIRE EQUIPMENTS.
SUPERVISORY SERVICE DATA
REMOTE SERVICE DATA

LIMITATIONS

LOWER CAPACITY.
ADD AND DROP DIFFICULT.
COMPLEX MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING.
NO UNIVERSAL STANDARD
INTERWORKING BETWEEN HIERARCHIES COMPLEX.

DISADVANTAGES OF PDH SYSTEM

PDH IS NOT IDEALLY SUITED TO THE EFFICIENT
DELIVERY AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGH
BANDWIDH CONNECTIONS.
PDH IS NO LONGER EFFICIENT TO MEET THE
DEMANDS PLACED ON IT.
TO ACCESS THE LOWER ORDER TRIBUTARY, THE
WHOLE SYSTEM SHOULD BE DEMULTIPLEXED.
BANDWIDTH LIMITATIONS MAX CAPACITY IS
566 MBPS ONLY.
NO COMMON STANDARDS AMONG VENDORS.
TOLERANCE IS ALLOWED IN BIT RATES.
POINT TO POINT CONFIGURATION ( LINEAR
WORKING ) ONLY IS POSSIBLE.
IT DOES NOT SUPPORT HUB.
NO PROVISIONING FOR NMS.

EVOLUTION OF SDH
FIBER OPTIC BANDWIDTH:Bandwidth of the
optical fiber can be increased and there is no
limit
TECHNICAL SOPHISTICATION:Using VLSI
techniques which is also cost effective
INTELLIGENCE:Availability of cheaper memory
opens new possibilities
CUSTOMER SERVICE NEEDS:Requirement of
customer services can be easily met w/o much
additional equipments

EVOLUTION OF SDH
TOTALLY SYNCHRONOUS SYSTEM.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD/SYSTEM
MULTIPLEXING STANDARD.
IN 1988, (ITU-T) 18TH STUDY GROUP FORMULATED
CERTAIN STANDARDS FOR MULTIPLEXING.
THE MAIN AIM IS TO ACCOMMODATE THE
EXISTING PDH SIGNALS ALSO.
ADOPTING THE DIFFERENT VENDORS
EQUIPMENTS.
DISADVANTAGES OF PDH LED TO THE INVENTION
OF SDH.

DIFFERENT SERVICES

LOW/HIGH SPEED DATA

VOICE
INTERCONNECTION OF LAN
COMPUTER LINKS
FEATURE SERVICES LIKE HDTV
BROAD BAND ISDN TRANSPORT

EXISTING NETWORK

565 Mbps
5
6
5 TH ORDER
5

140 Mbps

m
4 RTH ORDER
b
/
s

34 Mbps

3RD ORDER

8 Mbps
2 ND ORDER

2 Mbps

WHAT IS

SDH ?

SYNCHRONOUS :
ONE MASTER CLOCK & ALL ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONISE WITH IT.

DIGITAL:
INFORMATION IN BINARY.

HIERARCHY:
SET OF BIT RATES IN A HIERARCHIAL ORDER.

WHAT IS SDH?
SDH IS A HIERARCHICAL SET OF INFORMATION
STRUCTURE (DIGITAL TRANSPORT STRUCTURE) TO
CARRY PAY LOAD.
SDH MULTIPLEXING:- A PROCEDURE BY WHICH
MULTIPLE LOWER ORDER PATH LAYER SIGNALS ARE
ADAPTED INTO HIGHER ORDER PATH OR MULTIPLE
HIGHER PATH LAYER SIGNALS ARE ADAPTED INTO MUX
SECTION LAYER.
POINTER DEFINES FRAME OFFSET VALUE OF A VIRTUAL
CONTAINER.
SDH MAPPING:- THE PROCEDURE BY WHICH THE
TRIBUTARY ARE ADAPTED INTO VIRTUAL CONTAINERS
AT THE BOUNDARY OF THE SDH NETWORK.

ADVANTAGES OF SDH
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

SIMPLIFIED MULTIPLEXING/DEMULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES.

DIRECT ACCESS TO LOWER ORDER TRIBUTARIES.
ACCOMMODATES EXISTING PDH SIGNALS.
CAPABLE OF TRANSPORTING BROADBAND SIGNALS.
MULTI-VENDOR, MULTI OPERATOR ENVIRONMENT.
PROTECTION SWITCHING TO TRAFFIC IS OFFERED BY
RINGS.
ENHANCED BANDWIDTH.
NMS FACILITY.
UNLIMITED BANDWIDTH
GROWTH OF THE EXISTING TO THE HIGHER ORDER
SYSTEM IS SIMPLE.

The Container (C)

Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)

Synchronous to the STM-1
Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing procedure
Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing bits
Bit by bit stuffing

The Virtual Container (VC)

Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path
Overhead)
Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area

 The Tributary Unit (TU)

Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC
The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
Combines several TUs for a new VC
The Administrative Unit (AU)
Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC
formed at last
The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM1)
Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH)
to AUs
Clock justification through positive-zeronegative stuffing in the AU pointer area
byte by byte stuffing

STM1 Frames

270 Columns (Bytes)

270

1
1

RSOH
3
4

Payload

AU Pointer

(transport capacity)

MSOH
9

RSOH: Regenerator section overhead

MSOH: Multiplex section overhead
Payload: Area for information transport
Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s
Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 s

transmit
row by row

FRAME
REPRESENTATION
1ST ROW

2ND ROW

3RD ROW

9TH ROW

9
261

261
I

S
O
H

261

261
261

PAY LOAD
270
(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)

REDUCED MUX STRUCTURE

STM-N

C-4 140Mbps

AUG AU-4 VC-4

TUG-3

TU-3

VC-3
C-3

34Mbps

C-1

2Mbps

TUG-2
TU-1

VC-1

(REDUCED DIAGRAM FOR SDH-MULTIPLEXING)

Containers: C-3, C-2, C-12 and C-11

Container

Carries signals at

C-11

1.544 Mbit/s

C-12

2.048 Mbit/s

C-2

6.312 Mbit/s

C-3

34.368 Mbit/s and 44.736 Mbit/s

C-4

139.264 Mbit/s

TERMINOLOGY & DEFINITIONS

of hierarchical structures,standardized for
the transport of suitably adapted pay load over
physical transmission network
STM:Synchronous transport module
It is the information structure used to support
section layer connections in SDH
SDH:Set

VIRTUAL CONTAINER :used to support path layer

connections in the SDH
LOWER ORDER VC ( VC1,VC2,VC3)
HIGHER ORDER VC (VC3 ,VC4)

SDH BIT RATES

SDH Levels

Bit rates in Kbps

STM-1

155520

STM-4

622080

STM-16
STM-64

2488320
9953.28

SOH BYTE ALLOCATION

A1A2

Frame alignment

B1B2

Error monitoring

D1..D3

Data comm channel for RSOH

D4..D12

Data comm channel for MSOH

E1-E2

Order wire channel

F1

Maintenance

J0

STM Identifier

K1 K2

Automatic protection switching

S1

SYNCHRONISATION STATUS

M1

Txmn Error acknowledgement

Media dependent bytes

2 Mbps mapping

STM-1

AUG

AU-4

VC-4
x3
TUG-3

x7
STM-n
AUG
AU-n
VC-n

Synchronous Transport Module

Administrative Unit Group: One or
more AU(s)
Administrative Unit: VC + pointers
Virtual Container: payload + path
overhead

TUG-2
x3
TU-12

VC-12

C-12

E1: 2.048Mb/s

The following are the different steps

in the mapping of 2Mbps stream
Formation of container

C12

Formation of virtual container VC12

Formation of tributary unit TU12
Multiplexing of TU12 s to form TUG3
Multiplexing of TUG3s to form VC4
Formation of administrative unit AU4
Formation of administrative unit group AUG
Adding SOH to form STM1

SDH NETWORK
ELEMENTS

The different network elements are

SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL CROSS CONNECT
REGENERATOR
NMS

NETWORK ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER
As per ITU-T Rec. synchronous multiplexer
performs both multiplexing and live line
terminating functions.
synchronous multiplexer replaces a bank of
plesiochronous multiplexers and associated line
terminating equipment.

SYNCHRONOUS MUX
synchronous
multiplexers
TERMINAL
MULTIPLEXER(TM)
ADD DROP
MULTIPLEXER(ADM)
Types of

TM
TERMINAL
MULTIPLEXER(TM)
TM Accepts a no. Of
tributary signals and
multiplex them to
appropriate optical/electrical
aggregate signal viz
STM1,STM4,STM16 etc.

TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER(TM)

 ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(TM)

ADM is designed for THRU
mode of operation.
Within ADM its possible to ADD
channels or DROP channels from
THROUGH CHANNELS

 ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(TM)

At an ADM site ,only those signals that need to be
accessed are dropped or inserted
The remaining traffic continues thru the NE without
requiring special pass thru units or other signal
processing

ADM

ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(TM)

AGGREGATE SIGNAL
SDH(E/O)

AGGREGATE SIGNAL
SDH(E/O)
ADM

TRIBUTARY

(PDH/SDH)

ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(ADM)

ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER(ADM)

 CROSS CONNECT EQUIPMENT

Cross connect equipment functions as a

semi permanent switch for varying
bandwidth control it can pick out one or
more lower order channels for transmitting
signal without transmission channels
Channels can be 64Kbps up to STM1
Under software program the need of
demultiplexing

TYPES OF NETWORK
TOPOLOGY

STRING/BUS/LINEAR Topology
RING Topology
STAR Topology
MESH Topology

STRING/BUS/LINEAR TOPOLOGY

TM

ADM

REG

ADM

Aggregate
signal
Tributary
signal

ADM

(STM1/STM4/STM16)
(2/34/140Mbps/STM1(e)/
STM1(o))

TM

RING TOPOLOGY
Ring is a linear network looped back to itself
Network elements are ADMs or REGENERATORS
Every node on a ring has two communication paths
to each other node via the two directions around the
ring.

RING TOPOLOGY
ADM

AD

ADM

ADM

G
RE

Aggregate
Tributary
signal
signal

(STM1/STM4/STM16)
(2/34/140Mbps/STM1(e)/
STM1(o))

RING TOPOLOGY
Ring network is self healing type(allowing
rerouting of traffic when a link fails).
The simple topology of a ring facilitates the
implementation of protocols that can detect
failure of a fiber segment or node and rapidly
reestablish communications, typically in
timeframes on the order of milliseconds. This is
referred to as protection or protection switching

RING TOPOLOGY
Rings gives greater flexibility in the allocation of
band width to the different users.
Normally used in LAN,WAN, Core Network,Regional
Network etc.

STAR TOPOLOGY
Traffic passes thru a central node called HUB.
The HUB is a DXC.
If HUB fails ,total traffic fails.