Plagiarism

what it is and how to avoid it

Session Overview
What It Is
Terminology
Legal Implications
Four Types of Plagiarism
How to Avoid It

Methods
Proper Quotations
Proper Citations

Q & A Time!

Terminology: Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the act of stealing someone else's
work and attempting to "pass it off" as your own.
This can apply to anything, from term papers to
photographs to songs, even ideas!

Terminology: Copyright
Copyright is "a form of protection provided by the
law to the authors of 'original works of authorship,'
including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and
certain other intellectual works.

Terminology: Fair Use

Fair Use is a statute under copyright law that
allows for the use of limited portions of a work
that has copyright without having to have
permission from the original author. It was created
for the purposes of education and research.

More on Fair Use

The Copyright Office isn't very helpful on defining what a "limited
portion" is. It only states that "there is no specific number of words,
lines, or notes that may safely be taken without permission." When
using someone else's work, it's best to always give credit where
credit's due, even if using only a small part. If you're unsure, then
ask for permission.

Legal Implications
Is it against the law?
How is it applied at the college

level?
Most schools and universities
have policies on cheating and
plagiarism.

Types of Plagiarism:
Copying
The most well-known and,
sadly, the most common
type of plagiarism is the
simplest: copying. If you
copy someone else's work
and put your name on it,
you have plagiarized.

Copying: An Example
"Children are totally insensitive to their parents'
shyness; it is the rare child who labels a parent shy [...]
This is understandable, since parents are in positions of
control and authority in their homes and may not reveal
their shy side to their children. Also, since shyness is
viewed as undesirable by many children, it may be
threatening to think of parents in these terms. At this
young age, the parent is still idealized as all-knowing
and all-powerful - - not dumb, ugly, or weak."
Zimbardo, Philip G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to
do about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.

Copying: An Example
This one is pretty straightforward. If a writer
copies, word for word, the text from Dr. Zimbardo's
book and does not acknowledge in any way that it
was Dr. Zimbardo's work, the writer has committed
plagiarism.

Types: Patchwork
Plagiarism
The second kind of plagiarism is
similar to copying and is perhaps
the second most common type of
plagiarism: patchwork
plagiarism. This occurs when the
plagiarizer borrows the "phrases
and clauses from the original
source and weaves them into his
own writing" (
McConnell Library, Radford Univers
ity
) without putting the phrases in
quotation marks or citing the
author.

Patchwork: An Example
With regard to children, they are totally insensitive to
their parents' shyness. Rare is the child who labels a
parent shy. It is easy to understand this, since the
parents are in positions of control and authority in their
own homes and may not necessarily show their shy side
to their children. Moreover, since shyness is viewed as
unfavorable by most children, it may be threatening for
them to think of their parents in that light. During the
formative years, the parent is idealized as all-knowing
and all-powerful -- not dumb, ugly, or weak.

Patchwork: An Example
Now, had the "author" of this passage put the
colored phrases in quotation marks and added a
citation after the quotation, like (Zimbardo 62), the
"author" would have been safe. Without the
quotation marks and the proper citation, the "author"
has committed plagiarism.

Types: Paraphrasing
Plagiarism
The third type of plagiarism is called paraphrasing
plagiarism. This occurs when the plagiarizer
paraphrases or summarizes another's work without
citing the source. Even changing the words a little or
using synonyms but retaining the author's essential
thoughts, sentence structure, and/or style without
citing the source is still considered plagiarism.

Paraphrasing: An Example
Children are completely insensitive to their
parents' shyness and rarely label their parents
as shy. Because the parents are the authority
and controlling figures in the home, they may
not feel shy and therefore not show their shy
side. Moreover, during the formative years,
parents are seen as omnipotent and omniscient
and not stupid, unattractive, or pathetic; it may
be frightening for children to view their parents
in terms of shyness.

Paraphrasing: An Example
Now, had the "author" of this paragraph used
footnotes or parenthetical citations to acknowledge
Dr. Zimbardo's work, he or she would have been in
the clear. However, since the "author" acts like
these ideas are his or her own, and does not
acknowledge Dr. Zimbardo, it's plagiarism.

Types: Unintentional
The fourth type of
plagiarism is called
unintentional plagiarism
-- it occurs when the writer
incorrectly quotes and/or
incorrectly cites a source
they are using. How is this
plagiarism, if the author
didn't mean to do it?

Types: Unintentional
If a writer has incorrectly quoted or incorrectly cited a
source, it could be misconstrued as dishonesty on the
writer's part. The dishonest usage of another's work is
most often considered plagiarism. Therefore, the
incorrect usage of another's work, whether it's
intentional or not, could be taken for "real" plagiarism.

Avoiding Plagiarism
Avoiding plagiarism is quite simple. The best method
for avoiding it is to simply be honest; when you've
used a source in your paper, give credit where it's
due. Acknowledge the author of the original work
you've used.

Avoiding Plagiarism
Another way to avoid plagiarism is to use

your own work as often as possible.

Quoting and citing sources is usually
required and inevitable when doing research
-- that's how you "back up" your own work.
But using someone else's work excessively
can be construed as plagiarism.

Another way to it is to quote and/or cite

your sources properly.

Proper Quotations
In order to properly quote your sources, you should
consult the style manual that would be appropriate
for the research. In most cases, your professor will
tell you which style manual would be preferred. If
your professor doesn't indicate which manual to
use, be sure to ask.
The following examples are formatted in MLA,
APA, and Chicago (Turabian is similar to Chicago)
formats. The text is taken from the passage we
saw earlier from Zimbardo.

MLA Quotations
Indirect: Some researchers note that "children are

totally insensitive to their parents' shyness"

(Zimbardo 62).
Direct: Zimbardo notes that children are totally

insensitive to their parents shyness (62).

Paraphrasing: Some researchers have observed

that children seem unaware that their parents are

considered bashful (Zimbardo 62).

APA or Chicago Quotations

Indirect: Some researchers note that "children are

totally insensitive to their parents' shyness"

(Zimbardo, 1977, p.62).
Direct: Zimbardo (1977) notes that Children are

totally insensitive to their parents shyness (p. 62).

Paraphrasing: Some researchers have observed

that children seem oblivious to their parents

bashfulness (Zimbardo, 1977).

Proper Citations
In order to properly cite your sources, you
should also consult the style manual that
would be appropriate for the research. The
following examples are formatted in MLA,
APA, and Chicago (Turabian is similar to
Chicago) formats. The citation is related to
the passage we saw earlier from
Zimbardo.

MLA Citations
Book

Zimbardo, Philip G. Shyness: What It Is, What To Do

About It. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books, 1977.
Print.
Essay/Chapter in a Book

Swanson, Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a

Liberal Art: Design and Knowledge in the University
and The 'Real World.'" The Education of a Graphic
Designer. Ed. Steven Heller. New York: Allworth Press,
1998.
Print.
** Many13-24.
of these
examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

MLA Citations
Article

Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The

Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai
Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 15.1
(1996): 41-50. Print.
Article from a Database

Langhamer, Claire. Love and Courtship in MidTwentieth-Century England. Historical Journal 50.1
(2007): 173-96. ProQuest. Web. 27 May 2009.
** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

MLA Citations
Entire Website

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab

and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008. Web. 6
September 2012.
Page on a Website

"How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow.com. eHow,

n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2012.
** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

APA Citations
Book

Zimbardo, P.G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do

about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.
Essay/Chapter in a Book

O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's

gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing,
transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib
(Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107123). New York: Springer.
** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

APA Citations
Article

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The

New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.
Article from a Database

APA does not require that a citation for an article

in a database document that fact. You can cite
an article you find in a database the same way
youd cite a regular print article, as in the
example above.
** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **

APA Citations
Website

Lowe, M. (2012). Megan Lowe @ ULM. January

29, 2012, from http://www.ulm./edu/~lowe.
Item Without Author

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th

ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: MerriamWebster.
** Many of these examples came from the OWL at Purdue **