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Figure7.1Thecurrentmirror.
Figure7.1Thecurrentmirror.
Figure7.2Emitterfollowerwithbiascurrentsource.
Figure7.3Theoffsetvoltagecanbereducedbycascadingacomplementary(pnp)emitterfollower.
Figure7.5CurrentmirrorforExamples7.1.
Figure7.4Doublingthejunction
areaofaBJTisequivalenttoconnecting
twooftheoriginalBJTsinparallel.
Figure7.9CollectorcharacteristicofQ2,illustratingtheEarlyvoltage.
Figure7.7Outputcharacteristicforthe
currentmirrorofFigure7.5.
Figure7.8Dynamicoutputresistanceofthe
currentmirrorofFigure7.5.
Figure7.10TheWilsoncurrentsource,
whichhasahighoutputresistance.
Figure7.11TheWidlarcurrentsource,
whichisusefulforsmallcurrents.
Figure7.12TypicalbiasingcircuitforabipolarIC.
Figure7.15NMOScurrentmirror.
Figure7.16NMOSWilsoncurrentsource.
Figure7.23aBasicBJTdifferentialamplifierwithwaveforms.
Figure7.23bBasicBJTdifferentialamplifierwithwaveforms.
Figure7.24pnpemittercoupledpair.
Figure7.25Collectorcurrentsversusdifferentialinputvoltage.
Figure7.26VoltagetransfercharacteristicoftheBJTdifferentialamplifier.
Emitter degeneration
Sometimes it is advantageous to add emitter generation resistor REF to the circuit,
as shown in the Figure.
There resistors have the disadvantage of reducing the differential voltage gain of the
circuit. However, two reasons for this is to increase input impedance and to reduce
distortion due to the nonlinearity of the BJTs.
The right figure shows the transfer characteristic of the differential amplifier
(REF=40VT/IEE).
Figure7.27Differentialamplifierwithemitter
degenerationresistors.
Figure7.28Voltagetransfercharacteristicwith
emitterdegenerationresistors.REF=40(VT/IEE).
Figure7.29Eitherabalancedorsingleendedoutputisavailable\breakfromthedifferentialamplifier.
Figure7.30Emittercoupledpair
withcurrentmirrorload.
Figure7.34Halfcircuitforadifferentialinputsignal.
Figure7.35Smallsignalequivalentcircuitwithapurecommonmodeinputsignal.
Figure7.36Halfcircuitforapurecommonmodeinputsignal.
Avcm
2[r ( 1) REF ]
2 R EF
A
r ( 1)( R EF 2 REB ) ( REF 2 R EB )
CMRRb vdb
Avcm
r ( 1) REF
REF
It can be seen that CMRR is nearly independent of . To increase CMRR, it is
desired to select a larger value for REB and a small REF.
Figure7.38Additionofemitterfollowerstoincreaseinputimpedance.
Figure7.39FirstattemptinExample7.4.
Figure7.40Differentialamplifierof
Example7.4usingtheWilsoncurrentsource.
Figure7.42aWaveformsfor
thedifferentialamplifierofExample7.4.
Figure7.43Sourcecoupleddifferentialamplifier.
Figure7.44Draincurrentsversus
normalizedinputvoltage.
Figure7.45Differentialoutputvoltageversus
normalizedinputvoltage.
Figure7.46SmallsignalequivalentcircuitforthesourcecoupledamplifierofFigure7.43.
(Note:RSBistheoutputresistanceofthebiascurrentsourceI.)
Figure7.50SmallsignalequivalentcircuitfortheoutputstageconsistingofM7andM2.
Figure7.50SmallsignalequivalentcircuitfortheoutputstageconsistingofM7andM2.
Figure7.53OpenloopgainversusfrequencyfortheCMOSopamp.
Figure7.55ABJTopamp.
Figure7.56REBrepresentstheoutputimpedanceofcurrentsinkQ8.
Ri = r 3 r 4 is the differential input impedance of the second stage.