Classificatio

n
grouping of different
types of organisms
based upon similarities
in structure and
evolutionary

WHY CLASSIFY?
In order to more easily study the unity

and diversity of living organisms in an

organized manner, biologists classify
organisms
This means that they group organisms
together based on their common
characteristics
Physical structure is often the primary
basis for biological classification

Early classification
Animals & Plants
With the discovery of the

MICROSCOPE in the 1600s

many new organisms were
discovered
This was the basis for the
change in the classification
system

BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Carolus Linneaus devised binomial

nomenclature
(2 names in Latin) Genus-Species
ex. scientific name of humans ..... Homo
sapiens
Homo is the genus name .... sapiens is the
species name
Both have to be printed in italics or
underlined
-Genus is ALWAYS capitalized

MODERN CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEM:
KINGDOM
PHYLLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

HOW TO REMEMBER THAT:

KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR

GOOD SOUP

KINGDOMS:
The 6 Kingdom System is based
on the following criteria:
1. Presence or absence of a
nuclear membrane
2. Unicellularity versus
multicellularity
3. Type of nutrition

Archaebacteria
most primitive and often live in extreme

environments
LIVE IN UNUSUALLY HARSH ENVIRONMENTS
unicellular and no nucleus
This is the Proposed 6th KINGDOM
There are 3 types:
salt loving, heat loving & methane
loving

Kingdom Monera
bacteria and blue green algae
have a primitive cell structure
no organized nucleus or nuclear
membrane
Three basic types of bacteria
Coccus Baccillus Spirillum-

Kingdom Protista
Predominately unicellular organisms with

plant or animal-like characteristics

examples include protozoa and all algae
except the blue-green
have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane
Classification of Protists: Most protozoa are
motile (CAN MOVE) and are divided into
phyla based on their means of
LOCOMOTION

Animal-like Protists
Often animal like Protists are called
PROTOZOA
They can live in fresh or salt water,
in the soil, or in the bodies of other
organisms
Plant-like Protists:
Plant-like Protists are commonly
called ALGAE
They contain chloroplasts and are
therefore AUTOTROPHIC

Spirogyra
plant-like Protists that contains

thread-like filaments of
chloroplasts
They may reproduce asexually by
MITOSIS or sexually by
CONJUGATION

Plant and Animal like

Protists

The Euglena:
exhibits both animal-like and Plant-like
characteristics
contains chloroplasts, which are involved in
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
contains a flagellum, which is used for LOCOMOTION
euglena may be autotrophic or heterotrophic
depending on the environment
In a light environment euglena would be
AUTOTROPHIC
In a dark environment the euglena would be
HETEROTROPHIC

KINGDOM
FUNGI
examples include yeasts, molds, and

mushrooms
cells are usually organized into
branched, multinucleate filaments
which absorb digested food from the
external environment
Mushrooms are made up of a network of
tubes called HYPHAE

Kingdom Plantae

multicellular - possess chloroplasts and cell walls

make their own food - PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Reproduce sexually can be asexual
Vascular plants are more advanced - they have
evolved specialized tissues, xylem, which is
involved in structural support and water
conduction, and phloem, which functions in food
conduction
Nonvascular plants are usually no more than an
inch or two in height because they do not have
adequate support, which is provided by vascular
tissues to other plants, to grow bigger

ONION
CELLS FROM
LAB NOTE
THE BOXY
SHAPE OF
PLANT
CELLS &
THE
DISTINCT
CELL WALL

Kingdom Animalia
multi-cellular organisms which
ingest their food
HETEROTROPHS
Reproduce sexually

Viruses
not classified in a kingdom
contain genetic material (DNA) but lack
cell structures
only carry on the life function of
reproduction
They must have a host (another living
organism) to be able to reproduce
This causes disease in the host (Ex:
colds, rabies, AIDS, flu)

Papillomavirus is a
DNA virus that
causes warts
POLIO
VIRUS

Bacteriophages
invade the host cell,
take over the cell,
and begin
replicating viruses,
eventually lysing or
bursting the host
cell, releasing the
new viruses to
infect additional
cells

How to group animals

Vertebrates- have backbones e.g.

mammals, birds, reptiles amphibians,

fishes.
Invertebrates have no backbone e.g
Arthropods( arachnids, insects,
myriapods, crustaceans), round
worms, echinoderms,porifera,
flatworms, segmented worms,
cnidarians, molluscs.

How to group plants

Plants without true roots, stems and
leaves e.g Algae, Mosses and
liverworts.
Plants with true roots, stems and
leaves e.g plants that reproduce by
spore ( ferns), Cone bearing plants
e.g. acorns and flowering plants e.g
hibiscus