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Edited by Larry Patrick Tilley and Francis W. K. Smith, Jr. 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cardiology
Figure 4.
Dorsoventral (left) and ventrodorsal (right) radiograph
s obtained from two dogs with PDA.
Left: a left to right shunting PDA with cardiac elongatio
n from left ventricular dilation, a prominent left auricu
lar bulge (right arrow), and dilation of the descending a
orta or ductus bump (at the edge of the two arrows). Ri
ght: a right to left shunting PDA with prominence of the
right ventricle and dilation of the main pulmonary artery
(top arrow) and lobar arteries (the left caudal branch i
sFigure
shown
the two arrows).from a dog with PDA. Left cr
5.by
Echocardiogram
anial transducer position. The ductal ampulla (PDA) is
evident in both images showing the connection to the
pulmonary artery (PA). The color Doppler image shows t
urbulent flow from the PDA tracking along the edge of
the PA (arrowheads). Ao=aorta; RV=right ventricle.
Figure 6. Continuous wave Doppler image from the pulmon
ary artery recorded in a dog with left to right shunti
ng PDA. High velocity, continuous flow is evident enter
ing the PA from the ductus.
Cardiology
Topic- Aortic Stenosis
Topic-Ascites
Cardiology
Topic- Atrial Premature Complexes
Topic-Atrial Standstill
Cardiology
Figure 3. Right parasternal short axis echocardiographi
c
image at the level of the left ventricle (LV). Pericardial
effusion is noted and a characteristic linear thrombus is
seen within the pericardial sac adjacent to the LV. LV=
left ventricle; PE=pericardial effusion.
Cardiology
Topic-Atrioventricular Block, Second Degree Mobitz Type I
Figure 1. Lead II ECG strip recorded from a dog
with Mobitz type I, second degree AV block. The PR
intervals become progressively longer with the longest
PR intervals preceding nonconducted P waves (typical
Wenkebach phenomenon). (paper speed = 50 mm/s)
Topic-Atrioventricular Block, Second Degree Mobitz Type II
Figure 1. Lead II ECG rhythm strip recorded from a dog
with both first- and second-degree atrioventricular block.
The second-degree AV block is high grade with both 2:1
and 3:1 block resulting in variation in the RR intervals.
The PR interval for the conducted beats is prolonged
but constant (0.28 second) (paper speed = 25 mm/s).
Cardiology
Figure 2. Chest radiograph (lateral) of hypertyrophic
cardiomyopathy (cat).
Topic-Digoxin Toxicity
Cardiology
Topic- Idioventricular Rhythm
Cardiology
Topic- Left Bundle Branch Block
Topic-Murmurs, Heart
Cardiology
Topic-Pericarditis
Figure 1. The photograph demonstrates catheter
positioning and orientation for pericardiocentesis
from the right ventral approach. While stabilizing the
catheter near the entry point with one hand, the cathete
r is advanced in a cranial and dorsal direction with the
other, i.e. towards the opposite scapula. A small degre
e of suction is maintained with the syringe so that peri
cardial fluid is aspirated at the moment of pericardial
penetration. Subsequently the syringe and stylet are hel
d stationary while the flexible catheter is advanced wel
l into the pericardium. The sharp metal stylet is withdr
awn after
the catheter is fully
positioned.
Figure
2. Echocardiograph
acquired
with transducer
at the same location and orientation (direction) as the
catheter shown above. Dotted line indicates structures
encountered by the central ultrasound beam, i.e. in
the path of the catheter. While this patient had a
relatively small amount of pericardial effusion (PE),
proper catheter positioning, orientation, and linear
advancement minimizes risk. Oblique orientation of th
e
catheter, relative to the cardiac surface, increases the
effective distance between the pericardium and heart.
Cardiology
Figure 2. Two-dimensional echocardiographic right
parasternal long axis view of a dog with severe
pulmonic stenosis. The right ventricular free wall and
interventricular septum are very hypertrophied, with mil
d right atrial enlargement (Virginia Luis Fuentres).
Figure 3. Continuous wave spectral Doppler recording
of pulmonary artery flow from a left cranial view in a
dog with severe pulmonic stenosis. Pulmonary artery
velocities are greatly increased (approximately 5 m/s).
Topic-Right Bundle Branch Block
Figure 1. Right bundle branch block in a dog. The
electrocardiographic features include QRS duration
of 0.08 second; positive QRS complex in aVR, aVL,
and CV5RL (M-shaped); and large wide S waves in
leads I, II, III, and aVF. There is a right axis deviation
(approximately 110) (50 mm/second, 1 cm 5 1
mV). (From: Tilley, L.P. Essentials of canine and feline
electrocardiography. 3rd ed. Blackwell Publishing, 1992
, with permission.)
Cardiology
Topic-Sinus Arrest and Sinoatrial Block
Topic-Sinus Bradycardia
Topic-Sinus Tachycardia
Figure 1. Sinus tachycardia at a rate of 272/minute in
a
dog in shock. The rhythm is sinus because the P waves a
re normal, the P-R relationship is normal, and the rhyt
hm is regular. (From: Tilley, L.P. Essentials of canine
and feline electrocardiography. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Wil
liams & Wilkins, 1992, with permission.)
Topic-Supraventricular Tachycardia
Figure 1. Sinus with an atrial premature complex
and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Abrupt
initiation and termination of the tachycardia help
distinguish it from sinus tachycardia (lead II, 50 mm/
second, 1 cm = 1 mV). (From: Tilley, L.P. Essentials
of canine and feline electrocardiography. 3rd ed.
Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992, with permission.)
Cardiology
Topic-Syncope
Figure 1
Topic-Tetralogy of Fallot
Figure 1. Classic Tetralogy of Fallot.
Topic-Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Death
in German Shepherds
Figure 1. Example of ventricular arrhythmia seen in
severely affected German shepherds with inherited
arrhythmias and propensity for sudden death. Courtes
y of Sydney Moise.
Figure 2. Example of ventricular arrhythmia seen in
severely affected German shepherds with inherited
arrhythmias and propensity for sudden death.Courtesy
of Sydney Moise.
Cardiology
Topic- Ventricular Premature Complexes
Cardiology
Figure 2. Ventricular asystole in a cat with severe
hyperkalemia (11 mEq/L) from urethral obstruction. No
P waves or QRS complexes are seen after four wide
and nozaree QRS complexes (atrial standstill with
delayed ventricular conduction). (lead II, 50 mm/sec, 1
cm = 1 mV) (From: Tilley LP: Essentials of canine and
feline electrocardiography. 3rd ed. Blackwell Publishing
, 1992, with permission.)
Topic- Ventricular Tachycardia
Figure 1. Ventricular tachycardia. The wide and bizarre
QRS complexes occur at a rate of 160 beats/minute,
with no relationship to the P waves. There are more
QRS complexes than P waves. Ventricular tachycardia
should be treated as soon as possible. Acid-base and
electrolyte abnormalities should always be corrected.
(From: Tilley, L.P. Essentials of canine and feline
electrocardiography. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams &
Wilkins, 1992, with permission.)
Cardiology
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Cardiology
Topic- Ascites
Figure 1. Ascites in a doglateral radiography.
Cardiology
Topic- Ascites
Figure 2. A dog with ascites.
Cardiology
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Cardiology
Topic- Pericarditis
Figure 1. The photograph demonstrates catheter positioning and
orientation for pericardiocentesis from the right ventral approach. While
stabilizing the catheter near the entry point with one hand, the catheter
is advanced in a cranial and dorsal direction with the other, i.e. towards
the opposite scapula. A small degree of suction is maintained with the
syringe so that pericardial fluid is aspirated at the moment of pericardial
penetration. Subsequently the syringe and stylet are held stationary while
the flexible catheter is advanced well into the pericardium. The sharp
metal stylet is withdrawn after the catheter is fully positioned.
Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition
Edited by Larry Patrick Tilley and Francis W. K. Smith, Jr. 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cardiology
Topic- Pericarditis
Figure 2. Echocardiograph acquired with transducer at the same location
and orientation (direction) as the catheter shown above. Dotted line
indicates structures encountered by the central ultrasound beam, i.e. in
the path of the catheter. While this patient had a relatively small amount
of pericardial effusion (PE), proper catheter positioning, orientation, and
linear advancement minimizes risk. Oblique orientation of the catheter,
relative to the cardiac surface, increases the effective distance between the
pericardium and heart.
Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition
Edited by Larry Patrick Tilley and Francis W. K. Smith, Jr. 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cardiology
Topic- Pericarditis
Figure 3. Instrumentation used for pericardiocentesis. A 14g 5catheter
and stylus are shown with a small syringe attached, i.e. configured to
advance into the pericardial space. The sharp metal stylus is removed
after the catheter is fully positioned, as demonstrated for the 16g
5catheter, and an extension tube attached to the catheter for aspiration
using a larger syringe and 3-way stopcock. An 18g 2 catheter is used for
cats and similarly sized dogs. A #11 blade is ideal for creating a small stab
incision at the site of entry. The author uses a #10 blade to cut side holes
in the distal end of the larger catheters (optional).
Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition
Edited by Larry Patrick Tilley and Francis W. K. Smith, Jr. 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cardiology
Cardiology
Cardiology
Cardiology
Cardiology
Cardiology
Cardiology
Cardiology
Cardiology
Cardiology
Cardiology
Cardiology
Topic-Sinus Tachycardia
Figure 1. Sinus tachycardia at a rate of 272/minute in a dog in shock. The
rhythm is sinus because the P waves are normal, the P-R relationship is
normal, and the rhythm is regular. (From: Tilley, L.P. Essentials of canine
and feline electrocardiography. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992,
with permission.)
Cardiology
Cardiology
Topic- Syncope
Figure 1.
Blackwells Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Sixth Edition
Edited by Larry Patrick Tilley and Francis W. K. Smith, Jr. 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cardiology
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Topic-Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
Figure 2. Ventricular pre-excitation in a cat with episodes of fainting. The P
waves are normal, the P-R interval is short, and the QRS complex is wide;
delta waves (arrow) are present. (From: Tilley, L.P. Essentials of canine
and feline electrocardiography. 3rd ed. Blackwell Publishing, 1992, with
permission.)