The High Middle Ages

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The High Middle Ages

The Crusades
Preview
Starting Points Map: Europe,1095
Main Idea / Reading Focus
Launching the Crusades
Fighting the Crusades
Map: The Crusades
Effects of the Crusades
Quick Facts: Causes and Effects of the Crusades

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The High Middle Ages

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The Crusades
Main Idea
The Crusades, a series of attempts to gain Christian control of
the Holy Land, had a profound economic, political, and social
impact on the societies involved.

Reading Focus
Why did the Europeans launch the Crusades?
What happened during the Crusades?
What were the effects of the Crusades?

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Launching the Crusades

Goal of Crusades

Muslims Control Holy Land

European Christians launched

series of religious wars,
Crusades, in Middle Ages

Jerusalem in control of North

African Muslims, Fatimids, late
1000s

Goal to take Jerusalem, Holy

Land, away from Muslims

Turkish Muslims took control of

Persia, other lands, persecuted
Christians visiting region

Jerusalem site of Holy Temple

of Jews, also where Jesus
crucified, buried, was to come
again
Vital to Christians to control city

Turks attacked Byzantine

Empire, destroyed army, 1071
Emperor turned to Western
Europe, Pope Urban II, for help

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The Council of Clermont

Pope Urban II called church leaders to council in
Clermont, France
Described dangers faced by Byzantines
Called on Christian warriors to put aside differences,
fight against Turks
Effective call to arms
Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for Crusade
Set out to meet foes with slogan God wills it!

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Sequence
What events led to the call for a Crusade?
Answer(s): Seljuk Turks conquered Holy Land,
threatened Byzantines; Byzantine emperor called
on pope for assistance

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Fighting the Crusades

Crusaders left France in 1096 in First Crusade. In all, nine Crusades
set out between 1096 and 1291 to claim or protect the Holy Land.

First Crusade
Crusaders in two groups,
peasants and knights
Unskilled peasants answered
Popes call
Eager to fight non-Christians in
Holy Land
On the way attacked and
slaughtered German Jews
despite protests
Fell to Seljuk Turkish army at
Jerusalem

Knights
Better trained in warfare than
peasants, but unprepared for
hardship of journey
Traveled three years
Siege of Jerusalem victory for
Crusaders, disaster for city
Renamed four states in Holy
Land, intended to be
strongholds against future
Muslim conquests

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Second Crusade
Muslims began retaking lands lost in First Crusade
Took city of Edessa, capital of one Crusader state, 1144
European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147
Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims

Third Crusade
New leader arose in Muslim world, 1177
Salah ad-Din, known to Europeans as Saladin
Overthrew Fatimids, took title of sultan
Set out to take back Crusader states, succeeded, drove European
Christians out of Jerusalem

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Third Crusade
Three Kings
Richard, Philip, Frederick set out from Europe on Third Crusade
Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with Richard, returned home
Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land

Mutual Respect
Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen
Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richards sister,
Saladins brother; never took place because of religious differences

Fierce Fighting
Richard, Saladin fought fiercely for control of Holy Land
Richard won several battles, not able to drive Muslims out of Holy Land
Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England

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Fourth and Later Crusades

Fourth Crusade, 1201

Zara

Jerusalem still in Muslim hands

Crusaders could not pay
Venetians to take them to Holy
Land
In lieu of payment, Crusaders
agreed to attack Zara

Zara once belonged to Venice,

now held by Christian king of
Hungary
Pope angered that Christian city
attacked, excommunicated all

Constantinople

More Failures

Crusaders pushed on
Attacked Christian city of
Constantinople
Ransacked city, made one
leader new emperor

Disorganization, lack of
leadership made Fourth
Crusade failure
Five other Crusades followed,
none successful

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Find the Main Idea

What was the goal of the Crusades?
Answer(s): to take Jerusalem and the Holy Land
away from the Muslims who controlled it

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Effects of the Crusades

Economic Changes
Historic evidence of trade between Muslims, Byzantines, Europeans prior to
Crusades
Crusades enhanced existing trade
Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe
Increase in trade added to changing European economy during Middle Ages

Political Changes
Crusades led to deaths of many
knights, nobles
Lands left vulnerable
Other ambitious nobles took control
of unoccupied lands
Nobles then had more power,
influence in Europe

Social Changes
Some Europeans respected other
cultures, others intolerant
Many viewed non-Christians as
enemies, persecuted Jews
Holy Land Jews saw Crusaders as
cruel invaders
Relations strained for centuries

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Draw Conclusions
Why did peoples attitudes change after the
Crusades?
Answer(s): Europeans became more intolerant
and saw Jews and Muslims as enemies; Jews and
Muslims saw the Crusaders as enemies