Mod 6

Addressing the network IPv4
CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Chapter 6
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
IP addressing works at
OSI model layer 3
TCP/IP model Internet layer
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
Data
stream
HTTP, FTP,
TFTP, SMTP
etc
Segment
TCP, UDP
Packet
IP
Frame
Ethernet,
WAN
technologies
Bits
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Application
Transport
Internet
Network Access
Addressing topics
Binary and decimal
Types of IP addresses
Assigning addresses
Network part and subnet masks
Calculating addresses
Ping and Traceroute Utilities
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Binary and decimal

Convert to 8-bit binary
248
187
89
Convert to decimal
00110100
01010101
11001111
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248 to binary
128
64
32
16
56
-32
24
24
-16
8
248
-128
120
120
-64
56
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187 to binary
128
64
32
16
59
-32
27
27
-16
11
187
-128
59
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11
-8
3
3
-2
1
89 to binary
128
64
32
16
89
-64
25
25
-16
9
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9
-8
1
00110100 to decimal
128
64
32
16
32
16
32
+16
+ 4
52
52
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01010101 to decimal
128
64
32
16
64
16
64
+16
+ 4
+ 1
85
85
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11001111 to decimal
128
64
32
16
128
64
128
+ 64
+ 8
+ 4
+ 2
+ 1
207
207
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Binary and decimal

Convert to 8-bit binary
248 11111000
187 10111011
89 01011001
Convert to decimal
00110100 52
01010101 85
11001111 207
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IPv4 address
192.
168.
21.
17
11000000
10101000
00010101
00010001
octet
octet
octet
network part
octet
host part
Prefix /24 Subnet mask:

255.
255.
255.
11111111
11111111
11111111
00000000
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Find the network address

192.
168.
21.
17
11000000
10101000
00010101
00010001
In a network address, all the host bits are 0.

192.
168.
21.
11000000
10101000
00010101
00000000
The router needs to do this for every packet.
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Logical AND
192.
168.
21.
17
11000000
10101000
00010101
00010001
255.
255.
255.
11111111
11111111
11111111
00000000
192.
168.
21.
11000000
10101000
00010101
00000000
Do a logical AND at each position

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Find the broadcast address

192.
168.
21.
17
11000000
10101000
00010101
00010001
In a broadcast address, all the host bits are 1.

192.
168.
21.
255
11000000
10101000
00010101
11111111
The broadcast is the last address in the network.
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3 types of address
Every network has:
Network address the first one
Broadcast address the last one
Host addresses everything in between
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Classful addressing
A
10.
17.
network part
53.
host part
172.
16.
38.
network part
192.
201
host part
168.
network part
60
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21.
17
host part
17
Classful addressing
Easy to work out but very wasteful.
Routers and hosts still assume class subnet masks by
default
Class A
/8
255.0.0.0
Class B
/16
255.255.0.0
Class C
/24
255.255.255.0
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Classless addressing
Any suitable prefix can be used
We (and devices) need to know what the prefix is.
More flexible, less wasteful.
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Classless addressing /16

172.16.0.0/16 mask 255.255.0.0
Broadcast address 172.16.255.255
172.
16.
0.
10101100
00010000
00000000
00000000
Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254

65534 host addresses
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172.16.0.0/24 mask 255.255.255.0
172.
16.
0.
10101100
00010000
00000000
00000000
Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.254

254 host addresses
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172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.252.0
172.
16.
0.
10101100
00010000
00000000
00000000
Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.3.254

1022 host addresses
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172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.255.192
172.
16.
0.
10101100
00010000
00000000
00000000
Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.62

62 host addresses
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172.16.0.0/28 mask 255.255.255.240
172.
16.
0.
10101100
00010000
00000000
00000000
Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.14

14 host addresses
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A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/24
What is the subnet mask?
What is the network address?
What is the broadcast address?
What is the range of host addresses in the network?
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192.168.1.70/24 fill in the table

Last octet binary
Last octet
decimal
Full
Host
Subnet mask
Network
Broadcast
First host
Last host
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192.168.1.70/24
Last octet binary
Last octet
decimal
Host
01000110
70
192.168.1.70
Subnet mask
00000000
255.255.255.0
Network
00000000
192.168.1.0
Broadcast
11111111
255
First host
00000001
Last host
11111110
254
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Full
192.168.1.255
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.254
27
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Last octet
binary
Last octet
decimal
Full
Host
Subnet mask
Network
Broadcast
First host
Last host
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192.168.1.70/26
Last octet
binary
Last octet
decimal
Host
01000110
70
192.168.1.70
Subnet mask
11000000
192
255.255.255.192
Network
01000000
64
192.168.1.64
Broadcast
01111111
127
192.168.1.127
First host
01000001
65
192.168.1.65
Last host
01111110
126
192.168.1.126
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Full
30
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Last octet
binary
Last octet
decimal
Full
Host
Subnet mask
Network
Broadcast
First host
Last host
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192.168.1.70/28
Last octet
binary
Last octet
decimal
Host
01000110
70
192.168.1.70
Subnet mask
11110000
240
255.255.255.240
Network
01000000
64
192.168.1.64
Broadcast
01001111
79
192.168.1.79
First host
01000001
65
192.168.1.65
Last host
01001110
78
192.168.1.78
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Full
33
Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast

Unicast a message addressed to one host
Broadcast a message addressed to all hosts on a
network. Uses networks broadcast address or
255.255.255.255 locally
Multicast a message addressed to a group of hosts.
Uses an address starting 224 - 239
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Private IP addresses
Unrestricted use on private networks. Not routed across
the Internet.
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/20)
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/24)
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Public IP addresses
Routed over the Internet
Master holder is IANA
Assigned to regional registries and then to ISPs
ISPs allocate them to organisations and individual
users
Use is strictly controlled as duplicate addresses are not
allowed
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Special addresses
0.0.0.0 all addresses in default route. Hosts cannot be
given addresses starting 0.
127.0.0.1 is loopback. Hosts cannot be given addresses
starting 127.
240.0.0.0 and higher reserved for experimental
purposes.
169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 local only
192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 for teaching
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Network address translation

A large number of hosts on a network use private
addresses to communicate with each other.
The ISP allocates one or a few public addresses.
NAT allows the hosts to share the public addresses
when they want to use the Internet
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Addressing hosts
Static addressing address is configured by an
administrator
Servers, printers, routers, switches need static
addresses
Dynamic addressing address is allocated
automatically by DHCP by leasing addresses from a
pool
Dynamic addressing is best for workstations
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Blocks of addresses
Use
Address range
Summary
Network address
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.0/25
User hosts
192.168.1.1-127
Servers
192.168.1.128 - 191
192.168.1.128/26
Peripherals
192.168.1.192 - 223
192.168.1.192/27
Network devices
192.168.1.224 - 253
192.168.1.224/27
Router
192.168.1.254
Broadcast
192.168.1.255
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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Last octet binary
Address
192.168.1.0
00000000
Subnet mask
255.255.255.0
00000000
Borrow 1 bit from host part, give it to network part, /25

Addresses
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.128
00000000
10000000
Subnet mask
255.255.255.128
10000000
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Borrow 2 bits from host part, give to network part, /26
Addresses
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.64
192.168.1.128
192.168.1.192
00000000
01000000
10000000
11000000
Subnet mask
255.255.255.192
11000000
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Addresses
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.32
192.168.1.64
192.168.1.96
192.168.1.128
192.168.1.160
192.168.1.192
192.168.1.224
00000000
00100000
01000000
01100000
10000000
10100000
11000000
11100000
Subnet mask
255.255.255.224
11100000
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192.168.1.0
192.168.1.16
192.168.1.32
192.168.1.48
192.168.1.64
192.168.1.80
192.168.1.96
192.168.1.112
192.168.1.128
192.168.1.144
192.168.1.160
192.168.1.176
192.168.1.192
192.168.1.208
192.168.1.224
192.168.1.240
Subnet mask 255.255.255.240
00000000
00010000
00100000
00110000
01000000
01010000
01100000
01110000
10000000
10010000
10100000
10110000
11000000
11010000
11100000
11110000
11110000
And so on
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Every time you borrow another bit you:
Double the number of subnets
Halve the size of the subnets
Each subnet has a network address, a broadcast
address, and everything in between is a host address.
Here are some ways of visualising the process.
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Bits borrowed
No of networks
16
32
64
Prefix
/25
/26
/27
/28
/29
/30
Bit value/ network

size
128
64
32
16
No of hosts
126
62
30
14
Subnet mask
128
192
224
240
248
252
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Address space
Make a spreadsheet or table with numbers 0 to 255
Link to show table
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Subnet chart
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Subnetting
There are many subnet calculators, but you will not be
able to use them in exams.
Start with the biggest subnet and work down to the
smallest.
Make sure the subnets are valid sizes with valid subnet
masks.
Make sure that there are no overlaps.
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Ping and traceroute

Ping sends an ICMP message. If all is well, the
destination replies. If not, a router may reply to say the
destination is unreachable, or the ping may time out.
Traceroute sends a series of messages so that each
router along the path replies. You get a list of addresses
of all the routers.
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IPv6
Development started in 1990s because of concerns about
IPv4 addresses running out
A whole new protocol suite not just layer 3
Uses 128-bit hierarchical addressing, written using
hexadecimal
Simpler header
Integrated security authentication, privacy
Quality of service mechanisms
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Subnetting - visual
CCNA Exploration Semester 1

Chapter 6
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Prefix /24
Three octets in network
part, last octet in host part.
All possible numbers 0
255 in last octet belong in
the same network.
Network address yellow
Broadcast address blue
Subnet mask
255.255.255.0
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Prefix /25
First bit of fourth octet
taken into network part.
For every bit taken, double
number of networks, halve
their size.
Subnet mask
255.255.255.128
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Prefix /26
2 bits of fourth octet taken
into network part.
their size.
Subnet mask
255.255.255.192
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Prefix /27
into network part.
their size.
Subnet mask
255.255.255.224
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Prefix /28
into network part.
their size.
Subnet mask
255.255.255.240
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Prefix /29
into network part.
their size.
Subnet mask
255.255.255.248
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Prefix /30
into network part.
their size.
Subnet mask
255.255.255.252
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Variable length
/27
/26
/25
Networks do not need to
be all the same size.
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Summary
Hierarchical Design model addresses performance,
scalability, maintainability & manageability issues.
Traffic Analysis is used to monitor network
performance.
Hierarchical Design Model is composed of 3 layers:
Access
Distribution
Core
Switches selected for each layer must meet the needs

of each hierarchical layer as well as the needs of the
business.
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Labs & Activities

Type
Detail
PT
1.2.4
Mandatory*
Lab
1.3.1
Mandatory
PT
1.3.2
Mandatory
Lab
1.3.3
Review carefully
* If no previous Packet Tracer experience, else strongly recommended
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Addressing the network IPv4

CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Chapter 6

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Binary and decimal

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Binary and decimal

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Prefix /24 Subnet mask:

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Find the network address

In a network address, all the host bits are 0.

The router needs to do this for every packet.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Do a logical AND at each position

Find the broadcast address

In a broadcast address, all the host bits are 1.

The broadcast is the last address in the network.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Classless addressing /16

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Classless addressing /24

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.254

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Classless addressing /22

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.3.254

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Classless addressing /26

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.62

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Classless addressing /28

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.14

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

192.168.1.70/24 fill in the table

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

192.168.1.70/26 fill in the table

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

192.168.1.70/28 fill in the table

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Network address translation

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.