CLAY PRODUCTS

CERAMICS:
The term ceramics is used to indicate potters

art.
It is derived from Greek word keramos.
The ceramic products are divided into
following three categories:
1)Clay products.
2)Refractories.
3)Glass.

CLAY PRODUCTS:
The clay occurs plenty in nature . The clay is a

distinct product of chemical weathering of

igneous rocks.
The felspar is predominant in igneous rocks.
The Alumina and Silica compounds are held in
a colloidal state and these are the basic
constituents of all clay.
In addition Silicates of calcium and magnesium
, iron oxide , free sand , sodium , manganese ,
chromium,etc. are found in small amounts.

TILES:
The tiles may be defined as thin slabs of

bricks which are burnt in kiln.

The tiles may be classified into following two
categories:
1)COMMON TILES :
Have different shapes and sizes .
Used for paving , roofing and flooring.
2)ENACAUSTIC TILES:
Used for decorative purposes in floors , walls ,

ceilings and roofs.

TILES

Common tiles
Manufacturing of common tiles:
1. Preparation of clay
2. Moulding
3. Drying
4. Burning
. Characteristics of good tiles:
1. It should be well burnt.
2. It should possess uniform colour.

 Types of common tiles

1. DRAIN TILES:

These tiles are prepared in such a way

that they retain porous texture after
burning
. These tiles are laid in water logged
areas.
. They allow subsoil water to pass
through skeleton.
.

FLOOR OR PAVING TILES:

The floor or paving tiles may be square or
hexagonal in shape
The thickness varies from 12mm to 50mm
The size of square tiles varies from 150mm to
300mm
The floor tiles should be hard and compact

TYPES OF ROOF TILES

Allahabad tiles
Corrugated tiles
Flat tiles
Flemish tiles
Guna tiles
Mangalore tiles

ROOF TILES: PITCHED ROOF

ALLAHABAD TILES:
They are used in selected clay.
Moulding is done under pressure.
Burning is to attain more strength.
They provided with projections so they

interlock.
They are extensively used in NORTH-WESTERN
REGIONS.

CORRUGATE TILES:
Placing of these tiles on roof

appear as an corrugated galvanized

iron sheets.
These tiles are handsome in
appearance but they can easily
blown away by a wind.

FLAT TILES:
Ordinary floor tiles.
Provide two or more holes

to fix on battens.

FLEMISH TILES:
They are prepared with help

of mould.
These tiles do not form
good covering so they are
used for sheds

GUNA TILES:
These are hollow

burnt clay bricks.

They are prepared on
potters wheel on
conical shape.
They are inserted one
into the other.

MANGALORE TILES:
They are flat pattern with suitable projections

so they interlock.
They are red in colour with double channeled
mission bangalore pettern.
Manufactured on large scale of SOUTH INDIA.
They are popular in rural and urban areas.
They mainly used in valley portions of roof.

PAN TILES:
They are short and heavy.
They are less curvature

of sections.
Drying and burning of
tile give better quality.

POT TILE:
They are half round country tiles.
They are prepared in potters wheel and

shaped in wet hands.

They are polished for inner and outer surface
using wet clothes or with strip of leather.

ADVANTAGES OF POT TILES

1. These tiles are less liable to be displaced by

the birds.
2. These tiles may be used as a sole covering
to the roof.
3. The pitched roof may be made completely
leak proof because of the fact that good
drainage is ensured by these tiles even
when the slope of roof is less.

ENCAUSTIC TILES
The Encaustic tiles are manufactured from

carefully prepared ordinary clays.colouring

materials and sometimes with finer clays
Body
Face
back

The manufacturing process of

encaustic tiles is as follows:
The face is moulded to the desired pattern.
b) The makers name is stamped on the back.
c) The green tiles are then trimmed, dressed,
dried, and burnt in the dome kiln.
a)

TERRA-COTTA
MANUFACTURE OF TERRA-COTTA
Preparation of clay
Moulding
Drying
Burning

ADVANTAGES OF TERRA-COTTA
It is strong and durable material.
It is available in different colours.
It is cheaper than ordinary finely dressed

stones.
It is easlily cleaned.
It is easily moulde in desired shapes.
It is fire-proof and can therefore be
conveniently used with R.C.C.work.
It is light in weight.

DISADVANTAGES OF TERRA-COTTA
It

cannot be fixed during the progress of

work.But it is to be fixed when the work is in
final stages of completion.
It is twisted due to unequal shrinkage in
drying and burning

USES OF TERRA-COTTA
The hollow

terra-cotta blocks are used for

various ornamental purposes such as facing
work,arches,cornics,casing for columns,etc
It is adopted for all sorts of ornamental
work.
It is used as a decorative material in place
of stones for ornamental parts of buildings
such as cornics,string courses, sills , copings
,bases of pillars, fire places,etc.

VARIETIES OF TERRA-COTTA
Porous terra-cotta
Polished terra-cotta

EARTHENWARE
It

indicates wares or articles prepared from

clay.
The clay is mixed with sand, crushed
pottery,etc. it prevents shrinkage during drying
and burnig.
It is generally SOFT and POROUS.
It is not affected by acids or atmospheric
agencies when glazed.
The terracotta is a kind of earthenware.
It is used for making ordinary pipes, electrical
cable conduits, partition blocks,etc.

STONEWARE
It is used to indicate wares or articles prepared

from refactory clay.

The stoneware is more compact and dense
than earthenware.
It gives clear ringing sound when struck with
each other.
It is strong, durable, impervious and resistant to
corrosive fluids and they resemble fire bricks.
It is very popular in sanitary articles such as
wash basins,sewerpipes,glazedtiles,waterclosets
and also jars to store chemicals.

PORCELIAN
It is used to indicate fine earthenware.
It is white,thin and semi-transpsrent .The colour of porcelian

is white,it is reffered as whiteware.

The clay of sufficient purity,high degree of tenacity and
plasticity is used in preparing porcelians.
It is hard brittle and non -porous.
The various types of porcelians are available and they are
adopted for various uses such as sanitarywares, electric
insulators, storage vessels, reactor chambers,crucibles,etc.
The porcelian are of two types LOW VOLTAGE PORCELIAN
and HIGH VOLTAGE PORCELIAN.
The low voltage porcelian is prepared by dry process.
The high voltage porcelian is prepared by wet process.

PORCELAIN

PORCELAIN

GLAZING:

There are three types of glazing,

Transparent glazing
Lead glazing
Opaque glazing

Transparent glazing
There are 2 types of transparent glazing,
SALT GLAZING:
The small quantity of wet sodium chloride salt is added

in a klin at a high temperature of 1300 C.

The salt is vapourised at high temperature and o glass
like glaze is formed.
The glaze is brownish in colour.

LEAD GLAZING :

The product is burnt and dipped in a bath

containing oxide of lead and tin.
This method is used in terracotta &
earthenwares.

OPAQUE GLAZING:
This method give better appreances than the

burnt materials.
The products are glazed or dipped in a plastic
cream substance called SLIP ,which is
subsiquently heated.
This results in a opaque glaze surface layers.
The sanitary articals are glazed in this process.

GLAZING

GLAZING

CLAY BLOCKS
The blocks can be prepared from clay and they are

used in the construction of partitions .

Clay blocks may either be solid or hollow.
The blocks are usually of section 300mm*200mm .
Thickness of hollow block varies from 50mm to
150mm.
In case, thickness of solid block varies about 40mm.
They are efficient in preventing fire and passage of
sound.
They are light in weight and are non-shrinkable.

CLAY BLOCKS

CLAY BLOCKS

REFRACTORIES:
The term refractories is used to indicate

substances that are able to resist high

temperatures.

CLASSIFICATION OF REFRACTORY
MATERIALS:
They are classified in the following two ways:

1)According to Chemical properties:

Acidic
Neutral
Basic
2)According to resistance to temperature:
Low quality
High quality

Do not permit plastic deformation

Poor machinability
Complex structure and their shape is almost

permanent
Available in different colors and designs

IMPORTANCE OF CERAMICS:
Easy to clean
Floor tiles can be easily cleaned easily simply

by wiping and gives clean , non-slippery and

cool surface
Due to different colors , designs and luster
gives new and modern look to building

Glass is a ceramic material used as shelves ,

window glass, partitions, decorative

materials , etc.
Sanitary wares remain generally wet can be
maintained clean and non-slippery