CHEM 14: CH 12

SOLUTIONS AND DILUTIONS

WEDNESDAY NOV 16, 2016

PURPOSE BEHIND CHEMICAL

CALCULATIONS EXERCISE
Approximate Information
Retention Rates for Various
Learning Methods

The chemical
calculation exercise
addressed the three
most effective
learning methods

FIBONACCI AND THE MATHEMATICS OF

INCLUSION

Italian mathematician that lived in the middle ages

(born 1170-1175
One of the first European mathematicians to adopt
the Arabic number system which was revolutionary

The Arabic number system originated in India then

migrated to Persia, then to the Middle East, North Africa,
and then Europe

Greek number system used the alphabet as numbers

which made math awkward (1 x 3 = A x C??), did not
include the concept of 0, and did not have place
values (ones, tens, hundreds, etc)
Fibonacci saw the advantages of the Arabic number
system and became consumed in their study resulting
in several books including The Book of Calculation
His book was not popularized until nearly 3 centuries
later when the printing press was invented in 1440
and Constantinople fell in 1453

Fall of Constantinople brought refugees to Italy, who

SOLUTION: A homogeneous mixture of a SOLUTE in

a SOLVENT
SOLUTE:

Minor component of mixture

The solute is dissolved in the
solvent

SOLVENT:

Major component of
mixture
The solvent dissolves the
solute

Solute: Sugar
Solvent:
Water

Solute: Carbon
Dioxide
Solvent: Water

Solute: Zinc
Solvent: Copper

The SOLUBILITY of a solute is the maximum quantity of solute

particles that can dissolve in a specific volume of a solvent

DISSOLVING SOLUTES IN SOLVENTS

REMEMBER: When a solute is placed in solvent, it may or may
notwhen:
dissolve.
1. Ionic compounds dissolve
Energy of solvation > Lattice
Energy
ionic compounds break into ions in aqueous (water) solution
Solubility rules: NAG SAG, PMS, and CastroBear

ELECTROLYTES (solutions conduct electricity)

NaCl (s) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

2. Molecular compounds dissolve when: Energy of solvation >

Electrostatic interactions between molecules (intermolecular
forces)
When dissolved, molecular

compounds remain as molecules in solution

C2(solutions
H5OH (s)
2H5OH(aq)
NON-ELECTROLYTES
dontC
conduct
electricity)

STRONG VS WEAK ELECTROLYTES

The strength of an electrolyte depends on the amount of dissociation in
solution
Strong Electrolytemore
(100% dissociation)
Weak Electrolyte
(0.2% dissociation)

dissociation = greater conductivity

PREDICTING PRODUCTS OF
REACTIONS
Imagine you prepare 100.0 mL of an aqueous solution of
potassium dichromate, K2(Cr2O7), and lead(II)acetate,
Pb(C2H3O2)2. Write a balanced equation for the reaction that
occurs in solution (include states).
What type(s) of reaction is this?

K2(Cr2O7) (aq) + Pb(C2H3O2)2 (aq)

2K(C2H3O2)(aq)

Pb(Cr2O7)(s) +

This is a double-replacement, precipitation reaction

TIPS FOR PREDICTING PRODUCTS OF

REACTIONS
1. Analyze your reactants using
the chart to the right

Remember that one reaction

can often fit several categories

2. Determine if reaction will occur

based on physical properties of
reactants

Think about activities of metals

(Zeff)
Think about solubility of
products using solubility rules

3. Write products based on your

conclusions

Remember to indicate states

using (s) for solid, (l) for liquid,
(g) for gas, (aq) for aqueous
solutions or (soln) for other
solvents and

4. Determine if the reaction is

also a redox reaction by

Are you reacting

two complexes
that could
exchange
cations/anions?

Yes

Double
replacement

Yes

Are your
reactants going
to produce H+
or OH- anions in
solution?

No
Do you only
have one
reactant?

No
Yes

Decomposition

Yes

Products vary
based on
reactants

Yes

Was your
reactant a
hydrocarbon?

Products are CO2

and H2O and
HEAT

No

Was your
reactant a
species in its
elemental form?

Product will be
an oxide form of
metal or nonmetal species

Combustion

No
Are you reacting
an ionic
complex with a
species in its
elemental form?

Yes

Are all of your

products soluble
in your solvent?

No

No

Are you reacting

oxygen with a
species in its
elemental form
or a
hydrocarbon?

Yes

Was the species

in its elemental
form more
active than the
corresponding
ion in the ionic
complex?

Single
replacement

Yes

Yes
No

Yes

Single
replacement will
occur

No

Reaction will not

occur

No
Are you reacting
two species
together that do
not fit any other
category?

Remember that
the H2O formed
is a liquid (l)

Acid-Base
Neutralization

Yes

Are you reacting

a non-metal
oxide + water?

Product will be
an acid

No

Are you reacting

a metal oxide +
water?

Product will be a
base

Combination

Write out
products with
swapped
cations/anions
Precipitation
reaction, at
least one
product will be a
solid

SOLUTION CONCENTRATION
The concentration of a solution is the number of
solute particles contained in a given volume of
solvent

Most Common
Unit

more
concentrated
solution

Less solvent
volume
same # of solute
particles

less
concentrate
d solution
(dilute)

Greater solvent
volume
same # of solute
particles

PRACTICE WITH
SOLUTIONS

Potassium dichromate, K2(Cr2O7), is an orange solid. How would

you prepare 100.0 mL of a 0.150 M aqueous K2(Cr2O7) solution
in a volumetric flask? (MM = 294.19 g/mole)

1.Precisely weigh out 4.41 g of

K2(Cr2O7)
2.Add ~50 or 60 mL of water to
completely dissolve the solid
3.Once dissolved, bring the volume
of the solution up to 100.0 mL

PRACTICE WITH
SOLUTIONS: KEY

Potassium dichromate, K2(Cr2O7), is an orange solid. How would

you prepare 100.0 mL of a 0.150 M aqueous K2(Cr2O7) solution
in a volumetric flask? (MM = 294.19 g/mole)

1.Precisely weigh out 4.41 g of

K2(Cr2O7)
2.Add ~50 or 60 mL of water to
completely dissolve the solid
3.Once dissolved, bring the volume
of the solution up to 100.0 mL

DILUTIONS

By diluting the orange juice, the amount or

moles of orange juice doesnt change, but the

DILUTIONS

More
Solvent

More
Solvent

M1V1=M2
V2 Increased volume, decreased

concentration, but SAME number of

PRACTICE WITH DILUTIONS

1. What volume of 0.300 M lead(II)acetate, Pb(C2H3O2)2,
do you need to prepare 50.0 mL of a 0.200 M
Pb(C2H3O2)2 dilute solution?
2. Assuming the volumes are additive, how much water
do you need to prepare the dilute solution?
3. What is the concentration of the C2H3O2- in the dilute
solution?

PRACTICE WITH DILUTIONS:

KEY
1.

What volume of 0.300 M lead(II)acetate, Pb(C2H3O2)2, do you need to

prepare 50.0 mL of a 0.200 M Pb(C2H3O2)2 dilute solution?

2. Assuming the volumes are additive, how much water do you need to
prepare the dilute solution? 50.0 mL 33.3 mL = 16.7 mL of H2O needed to prepare
the dilute solution

3. What is the concentration

of the C2H3O2- in the dilute solution?
Step 1: Determine moles of Pb(C2H3O2)2 :
Step 2: Determine moles of C2H3O2- :
Step 3: Determine concentration of C2H3O2-:

SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY
Imagine that you titrate an unknown volume of your
0.150 M K2(Cr2O7) with 10.0 mL of your 0.200 M
Pb(C2H3O2)2, and 0.444 g Pb(Cr2O7) (MM= 423.2
g/mol) resulted.
What is the limiting reactant?
What volume of the K2(Cr2O7) solution was present in
mL?
What is the final concentration of Pb(C2H3O2)2

SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY: KEY

Imagine

that you titrate an unknown volume of your 0.150 M K2(Cr2O7) with 10.0 mL of

your 0.200 M Pb(C2H3O2)2, and 0.444 g Pb(Cr2O7) (MM= 423.2 g/mol) resulted.
Always start with what you know! For example in this reaction we know that 10.0 mL of a 0.200 M
Pb(C2H3O2)2 solution was added. We also know the balanced equation from earlier. From this
knowledge, we can calculate how much Pb(Cr2O7) WOULD result IF ALL OF THE MOLES of Pb+2 from
the Pb(C2H3O2)2 went on to form Pb(Cr2O7) product (this assumes that enough Cr2O7 is available to
react)
:

We also know that only 0.444 g Pb(Cr2O7) ACTUALLY resulted from this reaction, and we
can easily convert that mass into moles using the molar mass:
What is the limiting reactant? K2(Cr2O7) must be the limiting reactant because the reaction
produced fewer moles of than theoretically calculated using the whole quantity of .
Therefore, there must not be enough Cr2O7-2 ions available in solution to react with all of

SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY:
KEY (CONTD)

Imagine

that you titrate an unknown volume of your 0.150 M K2(Cr2O7) with 10.0 mL of

your 0.200 M Pb(C2H3O2)2, and 0.444 g Pb(Cr2O7) (MM= 423.2 g/mol) resulted.
What volume of the K2(Cr2O7) solution was present in mL?
Again, start with what you know. We now know that 0.00105 mol Pb(Cr 2O7) was produced in this reaction and we
can use the stoichiometric ratios from the balanced equation to calculate the moles of K 2(Cr2O7) used to produce
this amount of product. We can then use the molarity of the initial K 2(Cr2O7) solution to determine the initial
volume used.

What is the final concentration of Pb(C2H3O2)2 remaining in solution?

Now we need to determine how much of the original 0.00200 mol Pb(C 2H3O2)2 were used to form the 0.00105 mol
Pb(Cr2O7) precipitate. We then just subtract: moles initial moles used = moles remaining, and then calculate the
molarity
of the final solution (Remember that the final volume of the solution is 17.0 ml 10.0 mL from the 0.200

M Pb(C2H3O2)2 solution and 7.00 mL from the 0.150 M K2(Cr2O7) solution)

(A concentration of ~1/4 of the original solutions concentration makes sense because ~ of the
moles were used in the precipitation reaction and the volume of the solution approximately doubled)