FORCE

A PUSH OR A PULL

1ST LAW OF MOTIONINERTIA OR MASS

Force is needed to change the motion of any body, whether it
is moving or at rest.
Any body will remain at rest or in motion in a straight line
with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside
force
Inertia and mass are the same thing

2ND LAW
Gives precise relationship between force, mass, and
acceleration
The acceleration produced by force acting on a body is
directly proportional to and in the same direction as the net
external force and inversely proportional to the mass of the
body

Fnet
a
m
Fnet ma

3RD LAW: ACTIONREACTION

Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the
second body exerts a force back on the first that is equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction

UNITS OF FORCE

m
1 Newton( N ) 1 kg
2
sec

A 440-g can of food is given a shove in a frictionless level

surface and is observed to accelerate at a rate of 1.5 m 2 .
sec
What is the force of the shove
Given:
m=0.44 kg
a=1.5 m

sec 2

Fnet external ma
Fnet external

m
0.440kg 1.5 2
sec

m
0.66kg
1N
2
sec

An orderly is pushing a gurney with a patient on it. The mass

of the orderly is 85 kg, the mass of the gurney is 20 kg, and
the mass of the patient is 50 kg. the orderly exerts a
backward force of 100 N on the floor. What acceleration is
produced, assuming the friction in the wheels is negligible?

Fnet ma
a

Fnet
m
100 N kg

155kg
a 0.645 m 2
sec

m
sec 2

Calculate the force exerted by the orderly exerts on the

gurney.

Forderly Fnet
Forderly ma
Forderly (70kg )(0.645 m
Fnet 45.2 N

sec

WEIGHT
Is the force of gravity on an object
Depends on the location of an object
Acceleration also varies with location
Acceleration of gravity in the moon= 1 m sec 2

CENTER OF GRAVITY
A single point in the solid body that force of gravity act
Center of MASS- is the point at which all of the mass in a
body can be considered located

NEWTONS OF UNIVERSAL
LAW OF GRAVITATION
States that there is a force of attraction between any masses
that is proportional to the product of the masses and
inversely proportional to the distance between their center of
mass

mM
F G 2
r
G=constant
6.67 10

11

N m kg
2

FRICTION
Is a familiar force that always opposes motion
Produced by physical contact between two substances

f k N
k
s

f s N

-coefficient of kinetic friction

-coefficient of static friction

Generally frictional forces are less on moving objects that for

stationary ones
A 70 kg man standing on the level and perfectly polish
concrete tile floor
a. What is the maximum force that can be exerted on the
man in a horizontal direction without causing him to
move?

f s N

w mg 70kg 9.8 m sec

w N 686 N
f 1 686 N 686 N

b. Once the man is moving, what horizontal force is

necessary to keep him moving at a steady velocity?
a = 0 moving in a steady velocity or constant velocity

Fnet ex ma 0
F f 0
F f
f k N
f 0.7 686 N 480.2 N

Coefficient of kinetic Friction and Static Friction

Coefficient of kinetic
friction

Coefficient of static
friction

Rubber on dry concrete

0.7

1.0

Rubber on wet concrete

0.5

0.7

Wood on wood

0.3

0.5

Waxed wood on wet snow

0.1

0.14

Metal on wood

0.3

0.5

Steel on steel (dry)

0.3

0.6

Steel on steel (oiled)

0.03

0.05

Teflon on steel

0.04

0.04

Bone on lubricated with

synovial fluid

0.015

0.016

Shoes on wood

0.7

0.9

Shoes on ice

0.05

0.1

Ice on ice

0.03

0.1

Steel on ice

0.02

0.4

TENSION
Is any force carried by a flexible string, rope, cable, chain,
tendons, ligaments, bones, muscles, -it can only pull and
exert no force except along its length
-to stretch thin
A child and basket with total mas of 10 kg are suspended
from a scale cord. Calculate the tension in the cord.

Fnet ex 0
T w0
T w mg 10kg 9.8 m

sec 2

SEATWORK
1. What net force must be exerted on a 7.0 kg sack of
potatoes to give an acceleration of 3.5
2. What is the weight in Newtons of a 50 kg person on
earth? (b) what would this personsmweight
be on moon?
2
sec

3. How much kinetic friction will there be in the knee joint if

the weight supported by the joint is 45 kg.
4. What is the tension in a biceps tendon when a forearm of
mass is 4kg hangs freely because of elbow joint
dislocation.
5. A janitor exerts a horizontal force of 50 N on a stretcher
with a patient on it. The stretcher and patient have a total
mass of 90 kg. if the stretcher and patient accelerates at
0.35 m
, What is the magnitude of the frictional force
2
sec the motion?
opposing

VECTORS AND THEIR

PROPERTIES
Force is a vector quantity
Vectors are said to be equal if they have same magnitude and
direction
Addition of Vectors
1. The must have the same unit
2. It can be added geometrically and algebraically
Geometrically-using graphing paper and commutatively
Negative vector means ex.
They are equal in

magnitude but opposite in direction

A A

COMPONENTS OF
VECTOR
One method of adding vectors make use of projection of a
vector along the axes of a rectangular coordinate system.
Any vector can be completely describe by its components

A y A sin

Ay

Ax

A x A cos

A= A x 2 A 2y
tan

Ay

Ax

tan

Ay

Ax

EX.
1. A person walks 25 degrees North of east for 3.1 km. How
far due north and how far due east would he have to walk to
arrive at the same direction.
2. A vector has an x-component of -25.0 units and a ycomponent of 40.0 units. Find the magnitude and direction of
the vector
3. Two movers push horizontally on a refrigerator. One
pushes due north with a force of 150 N and the other pushes
due east with a force of 200 N. find the direction and
magnitude of the resultant force on the refrigerator
4. What force is exerted on the tooth by braces if the tension
in the wire 25 N

STATICS: TORQUE
AND ROTATION
Staticsis the study of bodies in equilibrium
When a body is in equilibrium, its acceleration is Zero
Many times the body is at rest
Or moving in constant velocity
2 conditions of body in equilibrium
1. The sum of external force must be in zero so that its
acceleration is Zero
2. Second the forces acting must be arranged so that the
body does not rotate

TORQUE
The effective ness of a force in producing rotation
Lever arm-is a rigid shaft capable of turning about
Fulcrum-Pivot point

LEVER I
1. the fulcrum is located between the force and the weight
2. This system is quite limited, however, as to how much
weight can be lifted and how high it can be lifted.

LEVER II
1. The weight is located between the fulcrum and the pull.
2. A considerable amount of weight can be lifted by using
this type of lever system, but the weight usually isnt
lifted very high.

LEVER III
1. The most common type in the body, the pull is located
between the fulcrum and the weight.
2. This type of lever system doesnt allow as great a weight
to be lifted, but the weight can be lifted a greater
distance.

=symbol for torque

l = perpendicular lever arm

F= the force applied
Always take note that torque is always in equilibrium
equation

l F