Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
PATOGENITATEA BACTERIAN
COLONIZARE ; INVAZIVITATE
FLORA NORMALA
Dr. Anda
Baicus
FLORA NORMALA
Piele Conjunctiva
Staphylococcus epidermidis
++
Staphylococcus aureus*
+
Streptococcus mitis
Streptococcus salivarius
Streptococcus mutans*
Enterococcus faecalis*
Streptococcus pneumoniae*
Streptococcus pyogenes*
+/Neisseria sp.
Neisseria meningitidis*
Veillonellae sp.
Enterobacteriaceae* (Escherichia coli)
Proteus sp.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa*
Haemophilus influenzae*
Bacteroides sp.*
Bifidobacterium bifidum
Lactobacillus sp.
Clostridium sp.*
Clostridium tetani
Corynebacteria
++
Mycobacteria
+
Actinomycetes
Spirochetes
Mycoplasmas
++ = aproape 100 %,
+ = frecvent,
+
+/-
+/+/+
+/+/+/-
+/- = rar ,
++ +
+/- +/+
+
+
* = potential patogen
++
+/+
+
++
+
Tract
intestinal
+
++
+/-
Uretra
anterioar
++
+/+
Vagin
++
+
+/+/+
+
+/+/++
+
+
++
++
++
++
+/+
+
++
+
++
+
+
+
+
+/-
+
+
+/++
+
+
+/-
Ligant bacterian
Situsuri de
ataare
Streptococcus
mutans
Streptococcus
pyogenes
Staphylococcus
aureus
Bordetella pertussis
Glicozil transferaza
Glicoproteina salivar
Proteina F
Fimbrii (hemaglutinin
filamentoas)
Aminoacidul terminal al
fibronectinei
Aminoacidul terminal al
fibronectinei
Galactoza , glicolipide
sulfatate
Suprafaa
dentar
Epiteliul
faringian
Epiteliul
mucoasei
Epiteliul
respirator
Mycoplasma
Proteine de membran
Acid sialic
Enterotoxigenic E.
coli
Vibrio cholerae
Fimbrii Tip-1
Carbohidrat specie
specific (manoza)
Fucoza i manoza
carbohidrat
Complex carbohidrat
Epiteliul
respirator
Epiteliu
intestinal
Epiteliul
intestinal
Epiteliu uretral
Tract urinar
superior
Epiteliul uretralcervical
Epiteliul
mucoasei
Proteine celulare
pili N-metilfenilalanina
Treponema pallidum
Proteine de suprafa
(fibronectina)
BACTERII
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Staphylococcus
aureus*
Streptococcus
mutans*
Enterococcus
faecalis*
Streptococcus
pneumoniae*
Streptococcus
pyogenes*
Piele
++
Conjunctiv
+
Nas
++
Faringe
++
Cavitate bucal
++
Tract intestinal
+
+/-
++
+/-
++
+/-
++
+/+/-
Neisseria sp.
Neisseria
meningitidis*
Enterobacteriace
ae* (Escherichia
coli)
Proteus sp.
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa*
Haemophilus
influenzae*
Bacteroides sp.*
Lactobacillus sp.
Clostridium sp.*
Clostridium
tetani
Corynebacteria ++
Mycobacteria
+
Actinomycetes
Spirochetes
Mycoplasma
+/-
+/+
+
+
++
++
+
+
+/-
+/-
+/-
+/-
+
+/-
+
+/-
+/-
++
+/-
+
+/+
+
+
++
+
++
+/-
+/+/-
+/+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+/-
++
++
++
+/-
+/++
+
+
+
+
++
+
+/-
Tropism tisular
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Piele
Streptococcus salivarius
Suprafa lingual
Streptococcus mutans
Suprafaa dentar
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Faringe
Staphylococcus aureus
Nas
Vibrio cholerae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Epiteliu urogenital
Propoinibacterium acnes
secreiile lacrimale - substane bactericide inclusiv lizozim
patogeni: Neisseria gonorrhoeae i Chlamydia trachomatis -rezisteni la aciunea
lizozimului
Enterococcus
faecalis , clasificat
anterior ca
Streptococcus
faecalis , este un
component obinuit
al florei intestinale.
Multe ri Europene
utilizndu-l ca
indicator standard
al polurii fecale.
Bacteroides
bacili Gram
negativi ,
anaerobi ,
nesporulai,
colonizeaz n
special colonul .
Sunt implicai n
iniierea colitelor
i cancerului de
colon .
Bifidobacteria este o
bacterie Gram-pozitiv
nesporulat,productoare de
acid lactic. Bifidobacterium
bifidum ete considerat o
bacterie * prietenoas*,
prezent n special n
intestinul nou nscuilor
alptai la sn , prevenind
colonizarea cu poteniali
patogeni.Utilizat uneori n
producerea iaurturilor i
frevent ncorporat n
probiotice .
Bifidobacterium bifidum-
PATOGENITATEA-BOALA
elementelor structurale
unice (componente ale
peretelui celular, capsul ,
fimbrii, LPS)
secreia substanelor
care lezeaz esuturile
gazdei /
protejeaz
bacteria mpiedicnd
fagocitoza acesteia
Procesul infectios
BOALA INFECIOAS
infecie manifest invazivitate, toxinogenez
INVAZIVITATEA
colonizare (aderenei urmat de multiplicare bacterian la poarta de
intrare :conjunctiva, tractul respirator, tract digestiv, tractul
urogenital)
depirii barierelor naturale de aprare
producerii de substane extracelulare invazine
TOXINOGENEZA
toxine (solubile/ structurale celulare)
transportate n circulaie determin efect citotoxic la nivelul
situsurilor tisulare aflate la distan de punctul de invazivitate
Tropism tisular preferine pentru in esut sau altul (S. mutans prezent n placa
dentar i absent de la nivelul limbii , S. salivarius prezent la nivelul epiteliului
limbii i absent n placa dentar)
INVAZIVITATEA
Invazinele
proteine (enzime) - acioneaz local prin distrugerea celulelor gazdei sau
au efect imediat facilitnd multiplicarea i difuzia intratisular a
bacteriei
anumite proteine bacteriene (de suprafa sau difuzibile) care
promoveaz rearanjamentul actinei n citoscheletul celulei gazdei care
stimuleaz nglobarea bacteriilor
aceste tipuri de invazine sunt utilizate de patogenii intracelulari (Listeria,
Yersinia, Shigella)
Invazinele acioneaz n imediat vecintate a multiplicrii bacteriene
Exotoxinele:
au efect citotoxic la distan de locul multiplicrii
sunt mai specifice i mai potente n activitatea lor dect invazinele
exotoxine tipice (difteric, antrax toxina) - rol n stadii precoce ale
invaziei, altele ( leucocidina stafilococic) au un efect citopatic
relativ
INVAZINE
Invazine
Hialuronidaza
Bacterii implicate
Streptococi,
Activitate
Degradeaz acidul hialuronic din esuturile de legtur
Staphylococi,Clostridium sp.
Colagenaza
Clostridium sp.
Neuraminidaza
Coagulaza
Staphylococcus aureus
Kinaza
Staphylococcus,Streptococcus
Leucocidina
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptolizina
Streptococcus pyogenes
Hemolizine
Lecitinaza
Clostridium perfringens
Fosfolipaza
Clostridium perfringens
Antrax toxina
Bacillus anthracis
Transmiterea
infeciei
Mecanismul
achiziie
infeciei
Direct
- orizontal (de la om la om): direct: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, S. aureus
- vertical (de la mam la ft): Treponema pallidum
Indirect
- alimente la om: Salmonella
- surse de mediu la om: Bacillus anthracis
- surse animale la om (carne de vit neprelucrat termic, cidru din mere
de inhalaie: Mycobacterium
sp.,Enterohemorrhagic
Chlamydia pneumoniae
contaminate
cu fecale de vit):
E. coli (EHEC)
al - ingestie: Salmonella sp, Clostridium botulinum
- traumatisme: Clostridium tetani
- sexual: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
-- neptur
de artropode:
Rickettsia
pili: Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
epiteliul tractului urinar
Elemente
structurale
ce
asigura aderena
la
celulele
de
suprafa
Invazie,
supravieuire
intracelular
asigurat de
Inflamaia
- cu producere de puroi (pyogenic): coci Gram +/- apariia leziunilor de tip granulomatos: Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
- apariia pseudomembranelor: Clostridium difficile
fibrinos
glbui pe mucoasa
colonului) Gram+ i
Producerea de (depozit
exotoxinele
suntalbsecretate
de bacteriile
toxine
Gram-genele care codific toxinele sunt localizate pe un plasmid
(toxina tetanic) sau pe un fag lizogen (C. diphtheriae)
-sunt dimeri cu subuniti A i B ( subunitatea B se leag la
suprafaa receptorului, A- este transferat n interiorul
celulei),
tratamentul cu formaldehid al exotoxinei determin
apariia toxoidului folosit n producerea vaccinului
endotoxinele lipidul A poriune a LPZ, apar numai la
bacteriile Gram- fiind parte integrant a membranei
externe, nu pot fi produi toxoizi din endotoxine
Exotoxine
proteine codificate mai frecvent plasmidian (E. coli) sau fagic (botulism,
dipftheria, scarlatina)
in anumite cazuri 2/3 subunitati ; una- necesara legarii si patrunderii in celula ;
cealalta- inhibitia sau schimbarea unei functii celulare
Inactivate ( formaldehida) toxoid vaccin
Conservate in structura decat antigenele de suprafata ale microorganismelor care
le secreta
Imunitate incrucisata scarlatina ( protectie pe viata)/ infectii streptococice
recurente
Organism
Bacteria
Exotoxin
Tissue damaged
Action
Disease
Clostridium tetani
Tetanospasmin
Neurones
Spastic paralysis
Tetanus
Cell lysis
Gas gangrene
Flaccid paralysis
Botulism
Clostridium
Neurotoxin
endothelium
Nerve-muscle junction
botulinum
Corynebacterium
Diphtheria toxin
Diphtheria
diphtheriae
Shigella
Enterotoxin
Intestinal mucosa
Dysentery
dysenteriae
E. coli
Enterotoxin
Intestinal epithelium
Gastroenteritis
Vibrio cholerae
Enterotoxin
Cholera
Staphylococcus
-toxin
aureus
Hemolysis
cytokines)
Hemolysin
Leucocidin
Hemolysis
Leukocytes
Abscesses
Destroys leukocytes
Enterotoxin
Intestinal cells
TSST1
Epidermolytic
Epidermis
Streptolysin O and S Red and white cells
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
Scalded skin syndrome
Hemolysis pyogenic lesion
Erythrogenic
Cytotoxin
Skin capillaries
Lung
Skin rash
Pulmonary edema
Scarlet fever
Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Bordetella
Pertussis toxin
Trachea
Kills epithelium
Whooping cough
pertussis
Legionella
Numerous
Neutrophils
Cell lysis
Legionnaires' disease
Exotoxin A
Cells
Cell lysis
Various infections
Streptococcus
pyogenes
pneumophila
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Onset
Source
Staphylococcus aureus
1-6 h
Clostridium perfringens
8-20 h
Reheated meat
Clostridium botulinum
12-36 h
Canned food
Bacillus cereus
1-20 h
Reheated foods
Salmonella
1-2 days
Eggs
Clostridium difficile
1-2 days
Fecal-oral
Shigella
1-4 days
Fecal-oral
Campylobacter
1-4 days
Vibrio cholerae
2 days
Fecal-oral
Escherichia coli
1-4 days
Food
Yersinia enterocolitica
days-weeks
Intestinal infections
Figure 17.4 The many activities of bacterial endotoxin. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates almost every immune mechanism as well as the clotting pathway and as a
result, LPS is one of the most powerful immune stimuli known. DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; M, macrophage; PMN,
polymorphonuclear leukocyte; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
Mecanisme care
favorizeaz
scparea de sub
mecanismele de
aprare
ale
gazdei