A presentation on

STEROIDS
In Biochemical Technology
By

ON 24TH SEPTEMBER, 2016

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

OVERVIEW OF STEROIDS

TYPES OF STEROIDS

ANABOLIC STEROIDS

TESTETORENE

SUGARS AND CARBOHYDRATES

D-GLUCOSE AND L-GLUCOSE

POLYSACCHARIDES

CELLULOSE

OVERVIEW OF STEROIDS

Steroids are organic compounds with four rings arranged in a specific configuration.

The structure of steroids basically composed of;

OVERVIEW OF STEROIDS
(CONTINUED)
Examples of steroids include

Uses of steroids

Steroids are mainly used to treat inflammatory conditions

Steroids are used mainly by body builders and athletes to build up physique.

TYPES OF STEROIDS

Based on functionality, steroids are grouped as;

Corticosteroids

Anabolic steroids

Corticosteroids are naturally producing steroids hormones needed for proper

functioning of the body. The presence of the OH groups enhances hydrolysis of fats.

ANABOLIC STEROIDS

Anabolic steroids also called anabolic androgenic steroids are synthetic

compounds that enhances hormonal production for;

Muscle building

Increase in male sex characteristics

Among the anabolic steroids that are commonly used, testosterone,

dihydrotestosterone and nandrolone

ANABOLIC STEROIDS (CONTINUED)

DIHYDROTESTOSTER
ONE

NANDROLONE

TESTOSTERO
NE

TESTOSTERONE

Testosterone is primary steroid found in most in most species, naturally

produced in large quantities and less in women.

This hormone delivers both anabolic and androgenic effects.

19 Carbon atoms in
17 constitute the skeleton
4 rings
Rigid framework called
androstane skeleton
C=C double bond

TESTOSTERONE (CONTINUED)
Uses of testosterone

It is widely used for its famous effects; increase in muscle size and
strength

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SUGARS AND CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates are essential components of all living things

Carbohydrates means carbon hydrate.

Examples of carbohydrates include;

SUGARS AND CARBOHYDRATES

(CONTINUED)

Roasted plantain

Rice

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Fufu
(Cassava)

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D-GLUCOSE AND L-GLUCOSE

According to the chemical nature of the carbonyl groups and the

number of atoms, the stereochemistry of carbohydrates can exist as
enantiomers (structures of mirror images);

The major enantiomers are

D-glucose and L-glucose

D-GLUCOSE AND L-GLUCOSE

(CONTINUED)
STRUCTURES

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D-GLUCOSE AND L-GLUCOSE

(CONTINUED)

DIFFERENCES

D-GLUCOSE

L-GLUCOSE

1. The hydroxyl group of atoms is The hydroxyl group is oriented to

situated to the right
the left

The significance of the orientation of the shape is that enzymes use it to

recognize substrates, thus enzymes will only recognize and react to the Dform of sugars in virtually every instance. That is why L-glucose seldom
enters into the discussion of biology.

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POLYSACCHARIDES

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates consisting of many

covalently linked monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides can be grouped into;

Structural polysaccharides

Storage polysaccharides

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POLYSACCHARIDES (CONTINUED)
Structural Polysaccharide

Storage Polysaccharide

They form the structural component

of the cell wall

They are nutritional reserves

They are mostly characterised by

the beta (1-4) linkage.

They are characterised by the alpha

(1-4) linkage.

They include cellulose and chitin

They include starch and glycogen.

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POLYSACCHARIDES (CONTINUED)

Formation of the
alpha-1,4 linkage

When two alpha-glucopyranoses

are condensed together, the
alcohol group of the first carbon
of one alpha-glucopyranose
condenses with the alcohol
group of the fourth carbon of the
next alpha-glucopyranose. With
one molecule of water removed,
the two alpha-glucopyranoses
are linked together. The
chemical bond is called, more
precisely, thealpha-1,4glycosidic bond

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CELLULOSE

Cellulose are structural polysaccharides that form the primary starch

component of plant cell wall

They are unbranched beta (1-4) linked glucose and serves as the
structure in plants, indigestible by mammals.

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CELLULOSE (CONTINUED)

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