Steps and Rules in

Citing Related Literature

Using Different Styles
(APA, MLA, Chicago)

Learning Objective
To give the steps and rules in
citing related literature using
different styles (APA, MLA,
Chicago)

Key Understanding
Knowledge of the steps and rules in citing
related literature using different styles
(APA, MLA, Chicago) is critical in doing
proper citation in a research.

Key Question
What are the steps and rules of citing
related literature using different styles
(APA, MLA, Chicago)?

Citation or In-text Citation references within the

main body of the text, specifically in Review of
Related Literature.
Styles of Citation
1, Integral Citation This is one way of citing or
referring to the author whose ideas appear in
your work.
2. Non-integral Citation This citation style
downplays any strength of the writers personal
characteristics. The stress is given to the piece of
information rather than to the owner of the ideas.

Three basic methods of referencing

1. APA (American Psychological Association)
2. MLA (Modern Language Association).
3. CMS (Chicago Manual of Style)
Each of these three methods has its own in-text
citation style.

Examples of Integral Citation:

APA One study by Manalo (2015) reveals...
The latest work by (Lee, 2015) asserts...
According to Abad et al. (2015) context is
MLA One study by (Manalo 70)
The latest work by (Lee 123)
According to (Abad et al.: 54)

Examples of Non-integral Citation

The Code of Ethics for Intercultural Competence give four
ways by which people from different cultural background
can harmoniously relate themselves with one another.
(De la Cruz, 2015)
Knowledge is one component of not only Systemic
Functional Grammar but Intercultural competence as
well. It is the driving force beyond any successful
collaborative activities to develop interpersonal
relationships and communicative competence. (Smith
2015)
The other components of Intercultural Competence which
are also present in SFG are: context (Harold, 2015),
appropriateness (Villar, Marcos, Atienza, 2016; Santos,
and Daez, 2016), and emotions (Flores, 2016).

Difference between them as regards to

citation format.
APA (Ramos, 2015) or Ramos (2016)
(Manalo, 2015) or Manalo (2016)
MLA (Bautista 183), Flores et.al. 150-158)
(Acosta, Hizon, Lopez 235-240)
(Velarde 4: 389-403) for periodicals
CMS (Doniger 1999)
(Cowlishaw and Dunbar 2000)

Patterns of Citation
1. Summary. The citation in this case is a shortened
version of the original text that is expressed in your own
language. Making the text short, you have to pick out
only the most important ideas or aspects of the text.
2. Paraphrase. This is the antithesis of the first one
because, here, instead of shortening the form of the text,
you explain what the text means to you using your own
words. In doing so, it is possible that your explanations
may decrease or exceed the number of words of the
original text.

Patterns of Citation
3. Short Direct Quotation. Only a part of the authors
sentence, the whole sentence, or several sentences, not
exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote or repeat in
writing through this citation pattern. Since this makes you
copy the exact words of the writer, it is necessary that you
give the number of the page where the readers can find
the copied words.
Example:
Contexts is influenced by these four factors: language,
culture, institutions, and ideologies. (Aranda, 2015, p.8)

Patterns of Citation
4. Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation, or Extract.
Named in many ways, this citation pattern makes you
copy the authors exact words numbering from 40 up to
100 words. Under APA, the limit is eight lines. Placed at
the center of the page with no indentation, the copied
lines look like they compose a stanza of a poem.

Patterns of Citation
Example:
The latest study by (Hizon, 2015) reveals the social
nature of language. Stressing this nature of
language, he says:
Language features result from the way people use
language to meet their social needs. In their interactions,
they use language to describe, compare, agree, explain,
disagree, and so on. Each language function requires a
certain set of language features like nouns for naming,
adjectives for comparing, verbs for agreeing, prepositions
for directing, and conjunctions for connecting ideas. (p.
38)

To avoid negative connotations about direct quotations in

your paper, have in mind the following reasons to justify
your act of quoting or repeating in writing other peoples
words. (Ransome 2013)
1. The idea is quite essential.
2. The idea is refutable or arguable.
3. The sentence is ambiguous or has multiple meanings.
4. Theres a strong possibility that questions may be raised
about the citation.
5. It is an excellent idea that to make it a part of your paper
will bring prestige and credibility to your entire work.

Patterns of Citation
5. Tense of verbs for reporting
Active verbs are effective words to use in reporting
authors ideas.
Present their ideas in any of these tenses: present, simple
past, or present perfect tense.
The APA system, however, prefers the use of present
perfect tense.
Examples:
Present tense Marcos explains...
Past tense Marcos explained...
Present perfect tense Marcos has explained...

What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is an act of quoting or copying the exact
words of the writer and passing the quoted words off
as your own words.
The leading act of plagiarism is using the words of the
original text in expressing your understanding of the
reading material. The right way to avoid plagiarism is
to express the borrowed ideas in your own words.
(Ransome 2013)

What is Plagiarism?
Taking ownership of what do not belong to you is a
criminal act that is punishable by imprisonment and
indemnity or payment of money to compensate for any
losses incurred by the owners of expressions that you
copied without their permission.
The safest way to avoid plagiarism is to be aware of the
fact that the copied words are not yours. If you want
these words to appear in your paper, you must reveal
the name of the author in your paper, including the
pieces of information (title, date, place of publication,
publisher, etc.) about the book from where you copied
the words. (Hammersely 2013) .

Examples of MLA Referencing Style

1. Citation or In-text Citation
(Zobel 287)
(Lopena, Torres, Bado 90-150)
(Carlos et al. 134-150)
(Gorio: 1: 66-70)
2. Documentary Notes
Fely Decena, G. Globalization. Quezon City: GB Press. 2016
Mariano Lopez. Tropical Depressions.
3. Bibliography/References
One author
Decena, Fely G. Globalization. (Quezon City: GB Press. 2016).
Lopez, Mariano. Tropical Depressions. (Adarna Publishing House.
Manila: 2016).

Examples of MLA Referencing Style

Two Authors
Certeza, Nina C. and David, Jose L. Intercultural Competence.
(Baguio City: KLM Co. 2018).
Three Authors (List down the names in the order they appear in the title
page.)
Perez, Dino A., Mista, Dora C. and Paluan, Gloria F. CarcinogenicFoods. (Pasay City: ABC Press. 2016).
Three or More Authors (Use the first name in the list)
Fuller, Norma N. et al. Trial Proceedings. (Quezon City: Rex
Bookstore, 2016)
Anonymous Author (If the authorship of a work is known but not
revealed on the title page, the name is given in brackets.)
[Violeta Gamboa]. The Korean Telenovelas. (Nowhere: Nonesuch
Press, 2016).

Examples of APA Referencing Style

1. Citation or In-text Citation
(Lopena, 2016) (Olivarez, 2017)
(Cortez, Mabeza, Brado, 2016, pp. 120-130)
According to Flores (2017)
Olidan (2016) maintains that...
A study on the Pork Barrel Scam is a doable research work
(Abunda, 2016, p.78)
2. Bibliography/References
One author
Floro, J. A. (2016). The Colds Virus. Quezon City: GB Press.
Gorrez, B. M. (2017). The Philippine Educational System. Manila:
Adarna Publishing House.

Examples of APA Referencing Style

Two Authors
Oropesa, N. C. and Danes, J. L. (2017). Coron Islands. Baguio City:
KLM Company.
Three Authors (List down the names in the order they appear in the title
page.)
Regalaa, C. A., Bautista, C. C. and Laya, G. F. (2017). The
Philippines Supreme Court Justice. Pasay City: ABC Press.
Three or More Authors (Use the name of the first author listed on the
title page.)
Bora, E. N. et al. ( 2016). BIR Regional Offices. Quezon City: Rex
Bookstore.
Avilla, V. et al.(2016). Labour Unions. Pasig City: Hope Press.
Anonymous Author (If the authorship of a work is known but not
revealed on the title page, the name is given in brackets.)
[Candelario, E.]. The opium craze. (2016). Nowhere: Nonesuch
Press.

Examples of CMS
1. Citation or In-text Citation

(Doniger 1999)
(Cowlishaw and Dunbar 2000)
(Laumann et al. 1994)
2. Bibliography/References
One author
Doniger, Wendy. 1999. Splitting the difference. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Two authors
Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. 2000. Primate conservation
biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Examples of CMS
Three Authors
Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart
Michaels. 1994. The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices
in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
For four or more authors,(list all of the authors in the bibliography; in
the note, list only the first author, followed by et al. (and others):
Dana Barnes et al., Plastics: Essays on American Corporate
Ascendance in the 1960s . . .
Editor, translator, or compiler
Lattimore, Richmond, trans. 1951. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.