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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Microwave system:
- requires repeater but there are
disadvantages:
1.Cost money
2.Increases the chances of an equipment
breakdown that can disable the link.
3.Additional links contribute to noise levels
in analog systems.
4.Increase jitter in digital.
Repeater requirements:
1.Line of sight propagation.
2.Site acquisition
3.Electrical power
4.Should be on high points of the terrain.
Terrestrial microwave systems use
relatively low power transmitter with high
gain antenna. Usually a parabolic or hoghorn antennas.
Path Calculations:
Terrestrial microwave links generally use
line of sight (LOS)propagation.
The maximum distance between the two
stations depends on:
1. The height of the transmitting and
receiving antennas.
2. The nature of the terrain between them.
Therefore, the distance over which the
line-of-sight propagation is given:
or
d = 17ht + 17hr
where:
ht = the height of the transmitting
antenna in meters
hr = the height of the receiving antenna
in meters
d = the distance from the xmitter to the
receiver in kilometers
d = 2ht + 2hr
where:
ht = the height of the transmitting
antenna
in feet
hr = the height of the receiving antenna in
feet
d = the distance from the xmitter to
the receiver in miles
Example 1
Suppose that the transmitter and receiver
have equal height. How high would they
have to be to communicate over a distance
of 40 km?
Note: For radio waves the earth looks about onethird larger than it really is, hence, it is 4/3.
-
Diffraction:
It can cause a second signal to appear at the
receiver, and the two signals, depending on
the relative phase angles may cancel each
other, thus resulting to fading.
Effects of fading can be reduced by making
the path from transmitting to receiving
antenna clears by at least 60% of a distance
known as the first Fresnel zone.
Rn = 17.3
f (d + d)
where:
R = distance to the Fresnel zone, in meters
n = number of Fresnel zone
f = frequency in gigahertz
d = distance to the antenna nearer the obstacle, in km
d = distance to the antenna farther from the obstacle,
in km.
General rule, it is sufficient to clear obstacles by a distance corresponding to 60% of the first
Fresnel zone.
The distance can be found by modifying R:
dd
R = 10.4
f (d + d)
where:
R = required clearance from the obstacle, in meters
f = frequency in gigahertz
d = distance to the antenna nearer the obstacle, in km
d = distance to the antenna farther from the obstacle,
in km.
Example 2
Example 2
A line-of-sight radio link operating at a frequency of 6 GHz has
a separation of 40km between antennas. An obstacle in the
path is located 10 km from the transmitting antenna. By how
much must the beam clear the obstacle?
EIRP
4 r
where: Pd
= power density in watts/m
EIRP = Effective isotropic radiated
power
r
= distance from the antenna, m
where:
Pr/Pt(dB)= ratio of received power, expressed in dB
Gt(dBi) = gain of transmitting antenna in dB
with respect to isotropic radiator
Gr(dBi) = gain of receiving antenna in dB
with respect to isotropic radiator
d
= distance between from the TX and RX
antenna, km
f
= frequency in MHz.
Example 3
A transmitter and receiver operating at 6
GHz are separated by 40 km. How much
power (in dBm) is delivered to the receiver
if the transmitter has an output of 2 W, the
transmitting antenna has a gain of 20 dBi,
and the receiving antenna has a gain of
25 dBi
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio:
To determine the system noise performance is
satisfactory, the received signal power should
be calculated.
For analog microwave systems:
Carrier-to-Noise ratio is defined a the signal-tonoise ratio measured before the signal is
demodulated, hence, there is still carrier.
for FM, the signal-to-noise ratio has a greater
value if it is measured after detection than
before detection.
At the antenna:
Antenna receives noise from the sky as well
as from the earth (if the antenna beam of the
antenna towards the ground).
Noise temp. of the sky depends on the
following:
1. the angle of elevation of the antenna
2. the frequency
3. the atmospheric conditions.
T =
where:
T= effective noise temp. of antenna and
feedline ,in kelvins, reference to
receiver antenna input
L = loss in feedline and antenna as a
ratio of input to output power(not in dB)
Tsky = effective sky temp., in Kelvins
Example 4
In microwave system, the antenna sees a sky
temp. of 120 K, and the antenna feedline has a loss of 2
dB. Calculate the noise temp. of the antenna / feedline
system, reference to the receiver input.
Example 6
The antenna and feedline combination from
example 4 is used with the receiver from Ex. 5.
Calculate the thermal noise power in dBm, referred
to the receiver input, if the receiver has a
bandwidth of 20 MHz.
Example 7
Calculate the carrier-to-noise ratio, in
deciberls, for the signal in Ex. 3, received by the
installation in Ex. 6.
Fading:
- is a reduction strength below its nominal level.
Causes of fading:
1.Multipath reception- in which a direct signal is
partially cancelled by reflections from ground or
water.
2.Attenuation due to rain mainly at frequencies
above 10HGz.
Frequency Diversity:
is a type of fading due to multipath
propagation can be avoided by slightly
changing the frequency (and therefore the
wavelength) so that the phase difference
between the direct and reflected signals is no
longer 180.
To protect against fading on a moment to
moment basis, frequency diversity requires
two transmitters and two receivers and they
separated in frequency.
.
SPACE DIVERSITY:
Another way to prevent multipath fading is
to change the path length by moving either the
transmitting or the receiving antenna.
Generally involves placing two antennas
one above the other on the same tower.