Questions

Why do some solids dissolve in water

but others do not?
Why are some substances gases at
room temperature, but others are liquid
or solid?
The answers have to do with

Intermolecular forces

Intermolecular forces
Overview

There are 2 types of attraction in molecules:

intramolecular bonds & intermolecular forces
Intramolecular bonds are BONDS - ionic, polar
covalent or non-polar covalent
Intermolecular forces (IMF) have to do with the
attraction between molecules (vs. the attraction
between atoms in a molecule)
Intermolecular vs Intramolecular
41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)
930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water (intra)

Ionic, Dipole - Dipole attractions

We have seen that molecules can have a
separation of charge
This happens in both ionic and polar bonds
(the greater the EN, the greater the
dipoles)

+
H

Cl

Molecules are non polar if the EN of all bonds is 0 - 0.4 or if

it is symmetrical in shape
Molecules are polar if the EN of any bond is 0.5 or greater
and if it is non symmetrical in shape

Electronegativity & IMFs

EN essentially defines the type of IMF.

Ionic bonds form if the EN is 1.7 or greater.
Dipole-dipole (polar covalent) is around 0.5-1.9.
Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole.
London forces exist in all molecules, but are
especially important in non-polar covalent
molecules (where EN is less than 0.5). +
Recall that ionic are strongest.
+
Dipole-dipole are not as strong.
Hydrogen bonding is about five +
+

times stronger than regular

dipole-dipole forces.

London forces are weakest.

H - bonding
H-bonding is a special type of dipole - dipole
attraction that is very strong
It occurs when N, O, or F are bonded to H
Q- Calculate the EN for HCl and H2O
A- HCl = 3.0-2.1 = 0.9, H2O = 3.5-2.1 = 1.4
The high EN of NH, OH, and HF bonds
cause these to be strong forces (about 5x
stronger than normal dipole-dipole forces)
They are given a special name (H-bonding)
because compounds containing these bonds
are important in biological systems

London forces

Non-polar molecules do not have dipoles

like polar molecules. How, then, can nonpolar compounds form solids or liquids?
London forces are named after Fritz London
(also called van der Waal forces)
London forces are due to small dipoles that
exist in non-polar molecules
Because electrons are moving around in
atoms there will be instants when the charge
around an atom is not symmetrical
The resulting tiny dipoles cause attractions
between atoms/molecules

London forces
Instantaneous dipole:

Induced dipole:

Eventually electrons A dipole forms in one atom

are situated so that or molecule, inducing a
tiny dipoles form
dipole in the other