Cell cycle

There are two periods in the life of a cell.

They are interphase and mitotic phase.
The duration of the cycle varies from hours to years.
For eg The cell cycle of paramecium Aurelia has a duration
of 6 hours.
A typical human cell has a duration of 90 hours.

Cell cycle

Interphase : is the stage between two divisions . It is the

longest phase. In a typical human cell out of the 90 hours
interphase lasts for 89 hours.
Interphase characters.
It is the resting phase of the cell (REST FOR DIVISION)
(metabolically active)
It is the longest phase
The nucleus is large distinct and intact
The nuclear membrane is distinct
The nucleolus is distinct
This phase prepares the cell for mitosis
No division occurs in this phase.

Cell cycle

Interphase characters
The metabolic activities are high in this phase
The cell grows during this phase
mRNA and rRNA are synthesized
Chromosome appears as long uncoiled threads and they
are inter twined.
Chromosome duplicates into two chromatids.
The centriole duplicates into two . Thus two centrioles are
formed from the centrosphere of centrioles, microtubules
arise. These microtubules form asters.

Cell cycle

The interphase consists of Three substages They are G1

phase, S phase, G2 phase
G1 Phase G stands for gap. The G1 phase is the gap
period between the mitotic phase and the s phase of the
subsequent cycle.
The daughter cells grow and increase in size during G1
phase.
It is a longer phase. It lasts for even years.
During this phase RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA) and proteins
are synthesized.

Cell cycle

S phase.
S stands for synthesis. During this phase DNA synthesis
occurs. The DNA molecule duplicates. This period lasts for
35 to 40% of interphase.
G2 phase: The G2 phase is the gap period between s phase
and mitotic phase of a cell cycle.
G2 is the second growth phase. The nucleus increases in
volume, metabolic activities essential for cell division, occur
during this phase.
mRNA , tRNA, rRNA synthesis also occurs
This G2 phase followed by mitotic phase.

Cell Cycle

Cell cycle

Mitotic phase.
This is the division phase. M stands for mitosis.
During this phase the cell divides.
This phase has a short duration.
A typical human cell cycle has a duration of 90
hours of these the M phase has a duration of 45
mins to an hour.
This phase has two sub phases called
Karyokinesis and cytokinesis.

Cell cycle

Karyokinesis refers to the division of nucleus into two

daughter nuclei.
Karyokinesis has four substages namely prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Cytokinesis refers to the division of the cytoplasm resulting in
two daughter cells.

Cell cycle

Cell division

Defintion: The division of cells into daughter

cells is called cell division.
The growth and development of every
living organism depend on cell division.
In 1864 Nageli pointed out that new cells
are formed from the pre existing cells by
division.

MITOSIS
Definition: Mitosis is defined as the division of a cell into two
identical daughter cells each with a nucleus having the
same amount of DNA , same number of chromosomes and
the same number of genes as the parent cell.
Mitosis was first discovered by fleming in 1879
The following types of mitosis occur in organisms
Intranuclear mitosis: The nuclear membrane remains
intact, mitotic events occur with in the nuclear envelop
and the nucleus divides along with the cytoplasm. It occurs in
acellular organisms.
Extranuclear mitosis: Here the nuclear membrane breaks
and the mitotic events occur within the cytoplasm

Mitosis
Anastral mitosis: In plant cells there are no centrioles and
asters. Mitosis with out asters is called anastral mitosis.
Astral mitosis: Mitosis with the appearance of asters is
called astral mitosis.
Eg. Animal cells
Endo mitosis: The multiplication of chromosomes
without nuclear division is called endomitosis. The
polytene chromosomes are produced by endomitosis.
Symmetrical mitosis: the mitosis producing two equal
cells is called symmetrical mitosis.
Asymmetrical mitosis: when mitosis produces unequal
cells the mitosis is called asymmetrical mitosis.

Mitosis
Mitosis consist of two events
(i) karyokinesis
(ii) Cytokinesis
Karyokinesis : Division of the nucleus into two daughter
nuclei is called karyokinesis. It consists of four phases.
(i) Prophase (ii) Metaphase (iii) Anaphase (iv)
Telophase..

Mitosis

Prophase:
It is the first stage of mitosis
The cells becomes spheroid and viscous
The nuclear membrane disintegrates and disappears into
the cytoplasm as the elements of the E R
The chromosome becomes shortened and thickened
Each chromosome is formed of two chromatids the two
chromatids of a chromosome are connected by centromere.
The nucleolus starts to disappear
Each centriole separates and migrates towards the
opposite poles of the cell
Around each centriole astral rays are formed in the
cytoplasm.

Cell cycle

Meta phase
The chromosome lie at the equatorial plane
Some of the fibres of the spindle attach with the centromere
of each chromosome and are known as chromosomal fibres.
Or kinetochore
Some other fibres of the spindle extend from one pole to the
other pole. These are known as continuous fibres or polar
microtubule
The fibres which occur in between the chromosome are called
interzonal fibres. Or astral chromosome
The centromere of each chromosome divides into two each
being associated with a chromatid.

mitosis
Anaphase
The chromatids of each chromosome are separated and
form two chromosomes called daughter chromosomes
The daughter chromosomes move toward the opposite pole of
the cell. This migration of the daughter chromosome is
achieved by the contraction of chromosomal fibres and the
stretching of the interzonal fibres.
The chromosome develop the shape of J or L or V according
to the position of the centromere in the chromosome

Mitosis
Telophase
The chromosome with their centromeres at the poles begin
to uncoil and lengthen.
The nucleolus begin to reappear
New nuclear membrane develops around the
chromosomes from the elements of endoplasmic reticulum.
Spindle fibres break down and are absorbed in the
cytoplasm
Thus two daughter nuclei are formed and they attain the
appearance of the interphase nuclei.

Mitosis
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells is
called cytokinesis.
The division starts as a constriction.
This constriction deepens and thus two daughter cells
are formed from a single parent cell.

Cytokinesis in plant cells

After the completion of karyokinesis in plant cells a cell
plate develops between the two daughter nuclei.
Many small vesicles developed from golgi complex
and endoplasmic reticulum, get accumulated at the
equatorial plane across the spindle fibres.
These vesicles are called phragmoplasts.
These phragmoplasts fuse together to form a flat disc
like structure called cell plate.
It is made up of cellulose and pectic substances.

Cytokinesis in plant cells

The cell plate grows and fuses with the lateral wall of the cell .
As a result a complete new cell wall is formed between the
two nuclei.
The New cell wall divides the cytoplasm into two membrane
of phragmoplasts fuses with plasma membrane to form a
complete plasma membrane of the daughter cell.
The daughter cell produce cell wall material and add them on
to the existing new cell wall.
There fore the cell wall becomes thick.
The gap in the cell wall due to the presence of membrane
phragmoplast forms pores and plasmodesma. ( a narrow thread
of cytoplasm )

Significance of mitosis
Mitosis ensures equal distribution of the nucleus
and the cytoplasm between the daughter cells both
qualitatively and quantitatively.
The chromosomal number is maintained constant
Mitosis helps in the growth and development of the
organs and the body of the organism
Old and worn out cells are replaced through mitosis
Mitosis helps in the asexual reproduction of organism
Mitosis helps in the repair of tissues.