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Humaryanto
TIPE OTOT
Otot Skeletal
(lurik/striata)
Otot Jantung
(lurik/striata)
Otot Polos (polos)
(GI, VU, Vascular)
Extrafusal Muscle Fibers
Striate muscle
Force for limb movements
flexion - closes joint
extension - opens joint
Contract or relax ~
OTOT SKELETAL
40% BB tubuh
Fungsi : mengatur posisi
dan gerak rangka
Melekat ke tulang melalui
tendo
Origo : perlekatan pada
bag. proksimal, bersifat
stasioner
Insersio : perlekatan pada
bag. distal, bersifat mobil
TIPE OTOT SKELETAL
Berdasarkan kecepatan kontraksi dan daya
tahan terhadap fatigue.
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Major neurotransmitter. Fibers that release ACh are called cholinergic fibers.
Acetylcholine is degraded by the enzyme, acetylcholinesterase.
Biogenic Amines
Biogenic amines are neurotransmitters containing an amino group.
Catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine,
serotonin. Nerve fibers that release epinephrine and norepinephrine are
called adrenergic and noradrenergic fibers respectively.
Neurotransmitters and
Neuromodulators
Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
Amino acid neurotransmitters are the most prevalent
neurotransmitters in CNS. Glutamate, aspartate GABA (gamma
aminobutyric acid), glycine,
Neuropeptides
Neuropeptides are composed of two or more amino acids. Neurons
releasing neuropeptides are called peptidergic. Beta-endorphin,
dynorphin, enkephalins.
Nitric oxide, ATP, adenine also act as neurotransmitters.
Neuroeffector Communication
Many neurons of peripheral nervous system end at neuroeffector
junctions on muscle and gland cells. Neurotransmitters released by
these efferent neurons then activate the target cell.
Muscle Contraction
AP generated in muscle fiber (cell)
Ca++ released from internal stores
Muscle fiber contracts
continues while Ca++ & ATP available
Relaxation
Ca++ sequestered by active transport ~
Muscle Fiber Structure
Multinucleated
fusion of multiple precursor cells
Sarcolemma Excitable membrane
Myofibrils: contractile units
Sarcopasmic reticulum (SR)
sequesters Ca++
T tubules
AP from sarcolemma to SR
like inside-out axons ~
Miofibril struktur kontraksi otot
1 Serat otot, tdd: ribuan miofibril
1 miofibril tdd:
Aktin & miosin (protein kontraksi)
Troponin & tropomiosin (protein pengatur)
Titin & nebulin (protein asessoris besar)
Miosin thick filament, punya kepala
Motor protein, E kimia E mekanik, mgd ATP-ase (hidrolisis)
Aktin thin filament, melekat troponin & tropomiosin
Titin molekul elastis (protein terbesar)
stabilitas & elastisistas otot
Nebulin penyanggah aktin
Sarcoplasmic T tubules
Reticulum
Myofibrils Sarcolemma
Myofibril: structure &
function
Sarcomeres
repeating sections
Z lines
dividers between sarcomeres
thin filaments anchored to Z lines
actin & troponin
Thick filaments between thin filaments
myosin
Contraction:filaments slide by each other
~
Z line Thin filaments Z line
Sarcomere Thick
Filaments
KONTRAKSI OTOT
Menghasilkan force / gaya muscle tension
Melawan beban/ load
Memerlukan energi (dari ATP)
* Actin-binding sites
are exposed as a result
of Ca+2 binding to
Ca+2 troponin complex that
Ca++
Ca++ causes a
conformational shift of
tropomyosin
The energy stored by myosin is released, and
ADP and inorganic phosphate dissociate from
myosin.
The resulting relaxation of the myosin molecule
entails rotation of the globular head, which
induces longitudinal sliding of the filaments.
When the calcium level decreases, troponin
locks tropomyosin in the blocking position and
the thin filament slides back to the resting state.
Sliding-Filament Mechanism
Muscle contraction is produced by cross bridge cycles.
A cycle has 4 steps:
(1) Energizing of myosin cross bridge
A + MATP > A + M*ADPPi (ATP is energizer here)
(2) Attachment of cross bridge to a thin filament
A + M*ADPPi > AM*ADPPi
(3) Movement of cross bridge, producing tension
AM*ADPPi > AM + ADP + Pi
(4) Detachment of cross bridge from thin filament
AM + ATP > A + MATP (ATP is modulator here)
Movement of the cross bridges make the overlapping
thick and thin filaments slide past each other (they do not
change in length) to produce a contraction.
Actin Myofilament
Saat PA:
Ca 100x
Relaksasi:
Ca masuk RS
krn enzim
Ca-ATP-ase
PERIODE KONTRAKSI/ TWITCH
1. Periode Laten
(Antara potensial aksi-kontraksi)
2. Periode kontraksi
3. Periode relaksasi
Lama periode kontraksi tergantung tipe otot
SUMBER ENERGI KONTRAKSI
ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate)
1. Kontraksi: gerakan crossbridge
2. Relaksasi: Ca++ masuk lagi ke RS
3. Relaksasi: melepas ikatan aktin dan miosin
4. Diluar periode kontraksi : restore Na-K
SUMBER ATP
1. Konversi posfo-kreatin (8 twitch)
2. An-aerobik glikolisis
3. Posforilasi-oksidatif
KELELAHAN OTOT
Fatigue:
Kondisi dimana otot tidak mampu lagi
melakukan / mempertahankan kontraksi
Jenis Fatigue:
Sentral: SSP
Perifer: NM-Junction elemen kontraksi
E/ >> elemen kontraksi
Lelah Sentral SSP Psikologis Asidosis
Refleks Proteksi (as. Laktat)
W=Fxd
W (otot) = W (beban)