Magnetizing inrush current

Magnetizing inrush current in transformer is the

current which is drown by a transformer at the time of
energizing the transformer.
This current is transient in nature and exists for few
milliseconds.
The inrush current may be up to 10 times higher
than normal rated current of transformer.
Although the magnitude of inrush current is so high
but it generally does not create any permanent fault in
transformer as it exists for very small time.
Effects of high inrush include
fuse or breaker interruptions,
arcing and failure of primary circuit components, such as
switches. necessitate over-sizing of fuses or breakers.
injection of noise and distortion back into the mains.
 At steady state
During
switching
 Transformer
connections
Star and mesh (very commonly used)
Vee
Open delta connections
zig-zag connections
T connections
auto transformer connections
multi winding transformers
Star/star (Yy)connection
Most economical one for small high
voltage
transformers.
Insulation cost is highly reduced.
Neutral wire can permit mixed loading.
Triplen harmonics are absent in the lines
because of neutral wire.
A tertiary mesh connected winding may
be required to stabilize the oscillating
neutral due to third harmonics in three
phase banks.
Mesh/mesh (Dd)
This is an economical configuration for large low
voltage transformers.
Large amount of unbalanced load can be met
with ease.
Mesh permits a circulating path for triplen
harmonics thus attenuates the same.
It is possible to operate with one transformer
removed in open delta or Vee connection
meeting 58 percent of the balanced load.
Three phase units cannot have this facility.
Mixed single phase loading is not possible due
to the absence of neutral.
Star/mesh(Dy or Yd ) This arrangement
Very common for power supply transformers.
The delta winding permits triplen harmonic
currents to circulate in the closed path and
attenuates them.

Zig zag/ star (ZY)

Zigzag connection is obtained by inter
connection of phases.
4-wire system is possible on both sides.
Unbalanced loading is also possible.
Oscillating neutral problem is absent in this
connection.
 A bank of three single phase transformers
cost about 15% more than 3-phase single
unit
They occupy more space.
The spare capacity cost will be less
Single phase units are easier to transport.
Zig-zag connection
 Advantages of zig-zag
connection
The neutral formed by the zigzag connection is
very stable. Therefore, this type of transformer
can be used for establishing a neutral for an
ungrounded 3 phase system.
less costly than Y-D and Scott Transformer, for
grounding purpose
Third harmonic suppression: In power systems to
trap triple harmonic (3rd, 9th, 15th, etc.) currents.
Zigzag units can be installed near loads that produce
large triple harmonic currents. The windings trap the
harmonic currents and prevent them from traveling
upstream, where they can produce undesirable effects.
 Ground current isolation: If a neutral is needed for
grounding or for supplying single-phase line to neutral
loads when working with a 3-wire, ungrounded power
system, a zigzag connection may be the better solution.
Due to its composition, a zigzag transformer is more
effective for grounding purposes because it has less
internal winding impedance going to the ground than
when using a Star type transformer.
No Phase Displacement: There is no phase angle
displacement between the primary and the secondary
circuits with this connection; therefore, the -zigzag
connection can be used in the same manner as Y-Y and -
transformers without introducing any phase shifts in the
circuits
 Applications:
Earthling Reference,
Grounding Transformer.
Zigzag configurations are rarely for typical industrial or
commercial use, because they are more expensive to construct
than conventional Star connected transformers. But zigzag
connections are useful in special applications where conventional
transformer connections arent effective.
D or Y / Zig-zag are used in unbalanced low voltage system mostly with
single phase appliances
 Tertiary winding in power
transformer
It reduces the unbalancing in the primary due to
unbalancing in three phase load.

It redistributes the flow of fault current.

Sometime it is required to supply an auxiliary load in

different voltage level in addition to its main
secondary load. This secondary load can be taken
from tertiary winding of three winding transformer.

As the tertiary winding is connected in delta

formation in 3 winding transformer, it assists in
limitation of fault current in the event of a short
circuit from line to neutral.
Open Delta
 Open delta (V connection)
not the commonly used.
Typically they would be used for
small loads where cost is important.
Alternatively, they could be used as
an emergency measure, should one
winding only of a transformer fail.
will only deliver 57.7% of the power
of a conventional transformer
 Three phase to two phase
transformation-Scott
connection
Need to transform from three phases to two phases:
To give a supply to an existing two phase system from a three
phase supply.
To supply two phase furnace transformers from a three phase
source.
For traction purpose

The Scott-connected transformer and V-connected single-phase transformer

are effective in reducing voltage imbalance on the transmission netw
3 phase- single phase
 3 phase 6 phase
As 6-phase is preferable to 3-phase for rectification, there are many 6-
phase rectifiers and some 12-phase rectifiers in larger installations.
 Tap
Changing
Tap is a flexible/ movable joint either on the
primary or the secondary of the transformer
to produce variable voltage.

Since power transformer are of large power

rating , its better to have tap changer on
HT side that results in low current flow in
taps as compare to on LV side.
It provide better regulation to transmission
line .
Provide protection and avoid circulation
current in transformer.