e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008

1. Solar Photovoltaic Theory

1-1. Basic principles of PV

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1.Basic principle of PV
Contents

1-1. Basic principles of PV

1-1-1. Mechanism of generation
1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
1-1-3. Installation example
1-1-4. Basic characteristic
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1-1-5. Case sturdy

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-1. Mechanism of generation
Mechanism of generation
The solar cell is composed of a P-type semiconductor and an N-type
semiconductor. Solar light hitting the cell produces two types of electrons,
negatively and positively charged electrons in the semiconductors.
Negatively charged (-) electrons gather around the N-type semiconductor
while positively charged (+) electrons gather around the P-type
semiconductor. When you connect loads such as a light bulb, electric
current flows between the two electrodes.
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Electrode
Reflect-Proof Film

Electric Current
Solar Energy N-Type Semiconductor

- P-Type Semiconductor
+ Load
-
+
- Electrode
- +
+

Photo Voltaic cell

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-1. Mechanism of generation
Direction of current inside PV cell
Inside current of PV cell looks like
Reverse direction. Why?

P By Solar Energy, current is pumped

up from N-pole to P-pole.
In generation, current appears
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reverse. It is the same as for battery.

? N
P

Current appears Looks like

to be in the reverse
reverse direction ? N
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-1. Mechanism of generation
Voltage and Current of PV cell ( I-V Curve )
P Voltage
Voltageon onnormal
normaloperation
operationpoint
point
A 0.5V
0.5V(in
(incase
caseofofSilicon
SiliconPV)
PV)
Current
Currentdepend
dependon on
N
(A) --Intensity
Short Circuit Intensityofofinsolation
insolation
--Size
Sizeofofcell
cell

High insolation
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Normal operation point

Current(I)

(Maximum Power point)

Low insolation P
V
IxV=W N
Open Circuit
(V)
Voltage(V)
about 0.5V
(Silicon)
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-1. Mechanism of generation
Typical I-V Curve

(A) Depend on cell-size

5.55A Standard in Depend on

solation 1.0
kWh/m2 Solar insolation
4.95A
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Depend on
type of cell or
Current(I)

cell-material
( Si = 0.5V )

(V)
Voltage(V)
0.49 V 0.62 V
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
Types and Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cell
Conversion Efficiency
of Module

Single crystal 10 - 17%

Crystalline
Silicon Poly crystalline 10 - 13%
Semiconductor
Non-crystalline Amorphous 7 - 10%
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Solar Compound
Cell Semiconductor
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) 18 - 30%

Dye-sensitized Type 7 - 8%
Organic
Semiconductor Organic Thin Layer Type 2 - 3%

Electric Energy Output

Conversion Efficiency = x 100%
Energy of Insolation on cell
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
Crystal cell (Single crystal and Poly crystalline Silicon)
Single crystal Poly crystalline
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Formed by melting high purity For mass production, cell is sliced

silicon like as Integrated Circuit from roughly crystallized ingot.
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
Surface of PV cell
Aluminum Electrode
(Silver colored wire)
Example of Poly Crystalline PV To avoid shading,
electrode is very fine.

Anti reflection film

(Blue colored film)
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Front Surface
(N-Type side)

Back surface is P-
type.
All back surface is
aluminum electrode
with full reflection.
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
PV Module (Single crystal, Poly crystalline Silicon)
Single crystal Poly crystalline

128W 120W
(26.5V , (25.7V ,
4.8A) 4.7A)
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1200mm 1200mm
(3.93ft) 3.93ft

800mm 2.62ft Same size 800mm (2.62ft)

Efficiency is higher Efficiency is lower

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
Hierarchy of PV
Volt Ampere Watt Size
Cell 0.5V 5-6A 2-3W about 10cm
Module 20-30V 5-6A 100-200W about 1m
Array 200-300V 50A-200A 10-50kW about 30m
Array
10 - 50 kW

Module,Panel
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100 - 200 W

Cell
23W

6x9=54 (cells) 100-300 (modules)

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-2. Various type of PV cell
Roughly size of PV Power Station.
How much PV can we install in this conference room?

Please
11kw
kwPV
PVneed
need 10
10 m m22 remember

(108 feet2)
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20m(66feet)

Conference
Our room has about 200 m2
Room
(We are now) (2,178 feet2)

We can install about

20 kW PV in this room

10m(33feet)
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-3. Installation example
Roof top of residence ( Grid connected )

Owner can sell excess

power to power utility.
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Most popular installation

style in Japan.
(Almost 85% PV in Japan )
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-3. Installation example
Roof top of school ,community-center building.
(For education and emergency power)
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-3. Installation example
Distant and independent power supply ( Off grid )
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Advertising sign beside highway

Relay station on top of mountain

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-3. Installation example
Mountain lodge ( Off grid )

Inverter and controller

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1.2kW system
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-3. Installation example
Stationary power station (Grid connected )
e8 & PPA project in Tuvalu

30kW array 10kW array

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Site: Funafuti Tuvalu

Installation: Feb. in 2008
Capacity: 40kW
Purpose: Grid connected power supply for fuel conservation
and CO2 reduction.
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-3. Installation example
Stationary power station (Off grid or mini grid )

Site: Mongolia
Installation: May & June in 1999
Purpose: For lighting, refrigerator

and outlet in a hospital.

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Solar cell capacity: 3.4kW

Wind Power capacity: 1.8kW
Inverter capacity: 5kVA
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-3. Installation example
Solar Home System (SHS)

Solar array

Solar array
Solar array
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Controller

Light

Solar array

Storage battery
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-4. Basic Characteristic
I / V curve and P-Max control
To obtain maximum power, current
A control (or voltage control) is very
P
important.
V
(A) N Power conditioner (mentioned
P1 later) will adjusts to be most suitable
I/V curve PMAX voltage and current automatically.
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Ipmax
P-
P-Max
Maxcontrol
control
Current(I)

Power curve
IxV=W
P2
(V)
Voltage(V)
Vpmax
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-4. Basic Characteristic
Estimate obtained power by I / V curve
A If the load has 0.05 ohm resistance,
P
cross point of resistance character and
R 0.05() PV-Character will be following point.
N
(A) Then power is 10x0.5=5 W

12
PV character
( I/V curve )
10
R 0.05()
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8
ter
ac
Current(I)

r Ohms theory
6 cha
e
nc V
4
si s ta
I
Re R
2
I V / 0.05
0
(V)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Voltage(V)
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-4. Basic Characteristic
I / V curve vs. Insolation intensity
Current is affected largely by change P
of insolation intensity.
5A
Partially shaded serial cell will
produce current mismatch. N Mismatch
P
(A) Bypass Diode
1A
High intensity insolation
N
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5A
Current(I)

1A 5A Bypass
Low intensity insolation
N Diode
P
IxV=W
1A 4A
(V)
N
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-4. Basic Characteristic
Temperature and efficiency
When module temperature rises up, efficiency decreases.
The module must be cooled by natural ventilation, etc.

14
Crystalline cell
12 2% 0.4
down 0.5 (
Efficiency (%)

%/de
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g )
10
Amorphous cell
8 0.25 (%/deg)

6
Typical Summer time
(25C) on roof top
(65C)
4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Module Temperature (deg.C)
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-5. Case sturdy
1.Maximum power control
Q : Calculate how much power you can get by following three
resistance. ( I / V curve is next page)

P
R 0.02()

N
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P
R 0.05()

P
R 0.10()

N
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-5. Case sturdy
1.Maximum power control V
I
(A) I/V curve of current insolation. R

12

10

8
Current(I)
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0
(V)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Voltage(V)
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
1-1-5. Case sturdy
2.Temperature vs. Efficiency
Q: There is 50 kW Crystalline PV system.
If surface temperature rises from 25C to 65C, How much
the capacity will be?

14

12
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10

4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100