Cystitis

Cystitis is the medical term for inflammation

of the bladder
Cystitis is more common in women because
women have a short urethra (2-3 cm)
Cystitis can occur at any age, but it is more
common in: - pregnant women
-sexually active women
- women who have been through
themenopause
It can be more serious in menbecause it
could be caused by:
an underlying bladder or prostate infection,
such asprostatitis
an obstruction in the urinary tract, such as
a tumour or anenlarged prostate(the gland
located between the penis and the bladder)
Male cystitis is not usually serious if treated
quickly. Men who have unprotected anal sex
are slightly more at risk of cystitis.
Etiology :
Infection : E. Coli (perineum, vulva)
Urine stasis, obstruction
Catheter placement
Coitus (honeymoon cystitis)
Fistel vesikovaginal/vesikokolon
 Sign and Symptoms
General signs and symptoms :
an increase in the frequency of both diurnal
and nocturnal micturition
dysuria due to inflamed epithelium depressed
pain in the suprapubic or perineal area
Sense the urge to urinate
hematuria
fever with blood in the urine in cases of
severe
 Mild cystitis usually clears up withina
fewdays
More severe cystitis may need
treatment withantibiotics
Preventive : hygiene
Urethritis
Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra.
Risks for urethritis include:
Being a female in the reproductive years
Being male, ages 20 - 35
Having many sexual partners
High-risk sexual behavior (such as anal
sex without a condom)
History of sexually transmitted diseases
The majority of urethritis cases are due to
infection resulting from bacteria
entering the urethra.
Bacteria that cause urethritis include:
Chlamydia is one of the main causes of
urethritis.
E. coli
Gonococcus
Chlamydiatrachomatis
 Sign and symptoms
Many patients with urethritis, including approximately 25% of those
with NGU, are asymptomatic and present to a clinician following
partner screening.Up to 75% of women withChlamydia
trachomatisinfection are asymptomatic.
Signs and symptoms in patients with urethritis may include the
following:
Urethral discharge: man and woman
Dysuria (in men): Usually localized to the meatus or distal penis,
worst during the first morning void, and made worse by alcohol
consumption; typically not present are urinary frequency and
urgency
Itching: Sensation of urethral itching or irritation between voids
Orchalgia: Heaviness in the male genitals
Worsens during menstrual cycle (occasionally).
Systemic symptoms (eg, fever, chills, sweats, nausea)
In men: In women:
Hematuria
Burning pain while
Abdominal pain
urinating (dysuria) Burning pain while
Discharge from penis
urinating
Fever (rare)
Frequent or urgent Fever and chills
urination Frequent or urgent
Itching, tenderness, or
swelling in penis or groin
urination
area Pelvic pain
Pain with intercourse or
Vaginal discharge
ejaculation
 Diagnosis of urethritis

Discharge : swab is inserted into the urethra which is

then examined under a microscope.
Cystoscopy - a tube with a camera on the end is
inserted into the bladder.
The following diagnostic tests may also be recommended
:
CBC (complete blood count)
Urine test : Urinalysisand urine cultures
Tests to check for sexually transmitted diseases, such
asgonorrheaor chlamydia
Pelvicultrasound(only female patients)
C-reactive protein test
Medications are prescribed to treat the root cause
of the patient's urethritis, and to prevent the
spread of infection.
If the patient has a bacterial infection, an
antibiotic will be prescribed.
With the correct diagnosis and treatment,
urethritis usually clears up without any
complications.
However, urethritis can lead to permanent
damage to the urethra (urethral stricture) and
other urinary organs in both men and women.