SERENITY PRAYER

God grant me the serenity

to accept the things I cannot change;
courage to change the things I can;
and wisdom to know the difference.
 SERENITY PRAYER
Living one day at a time;
Enjoying one moment at a time;
Accepting hardships as the pathway to peace;
Taking, as He did, this sinful world
as it is, not as I would have it;
Trusting that He will make all things right
if I surrender to His Will;
That I may be reasonably happy in this life
and supremely happy with Him
Forever in the next.
Amen.
Purposive Behaviorism/Learning
Edward Chase Tolman
(1886-1959)
Purposive Behaviorism/ Learning
 Life of Tolman
Born in Newton, Massachusetts
Received his B.S. degree from Massachusetts
Institute of Technology in Electrochemistry
(1911)
MA (1912) Harvard University
Ph.D (1915)
Raised in Quaker Home
1942- Drives toward War
Purposive Behaviorism
Behavior is goal directed or purposive.
For Guthrie, behavior persists as long as
maintaining stimuli are being provided by
some need state.
For Tolman, behavior will look as if it is
goal directed as long as the organism is
seeking something in the environment.
SIGN-GESTALT

EXPECTANCY
THEORY
SIGN-
SIGNIFICANNCE

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From Gestalt theory, Tolman borrowed the
concept of insight.
He was concerned with how behavior was
connected with knowledge, thinking,
planning, purpose, and intention.

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SIGN GESTALT
The core of learning
-cognitive processes which are acquired
relationships between environmental stimuli
and responses.
-the learner recognizes the significance of a
stimulus and its different features.

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MOTIVATION
An organisms drive state which determines which aspects of the
environment will be emphasized in its perceptual field.
Acts as perceptual emphasizer

12
 What is learned is
"the lay of the
land"; the
organism learns
what is there.

COGNITIVE MAP

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 Principle of Least Effort
All organism will, choose the shortest
route or the one requiring the least
amount of work.
 MEANS-END READINESS
S1S1--- S2: If an organism is exposed to
stimulus pattern S1, it acquires a belief
that the performance of some behavior R 1
will lead to second stimulus pattern S2.
S1--- S2: An organism learns that the
presence of one stimulus pattern S1 will be
accompanied or followed shortly by the
occurrence of a second stimulus pattern S 2.
 Confirmation versus
Reinforcement
During the development of a cognitive
map, the organism utilizes expectations.
Expectations are hunches about what
leads to what.
Early tentative expectations are called
Hypotheses, and they are either
confirmed by experience or not.

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 Confirmation versus
Reinforcement
An expectancy that is consistently
confirmed develops into Means-End
Readiness commonly called as a
BELIEF

CONFIRMATON OF AN
EXPECTANCY
 Vicarious Trial and Error
Instead of behavioral trial and error, in
which first one response is tried and
then another until a solution to the
problem is reached, with vicarious trial
and error, different approaches are
tested cognitively rather than
behaviorally.

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 LATENT LEARNING
Latent Learning is learning that is not
translated into performance.

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 LATENT EXTINCTION
If an animal has learned an S-S
Expectancy (that a certain response will
lead to the presence of food) and is
given the opportunity to observe that
the response will no longer lead to food,
such observation will itself produce
extinction.

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 Place Learning

Learning where an object is located.

According to Tolman, once the location of
an object is known, it can be reached by
any number of alternate routes.

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 REINFORCEMENT
EXPECTANCY
The fact that an organism learns to
expect a certain reinforcer if it engages in
certain behaviors. Performance is
disrupted when the original reinforcer
used in a learning situation is replaced
with a different reinforcer.

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 COGNITIVE
DISSONANCE

Is a negative drive
state, and the
person
experiencing it
seeks way to
reduce it, just as
the person
experiencing
hunger seeks to
reduce the hunger
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drive.
 Let us have a demonstration

Turns to Right- receives

is/heract
1 volunteer- favorite food
as the rat
Turns to Left- receives
3 volunteer- as post
nothing
The rest will be the human maze
T-MAZE
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 SIX KINDS OF LEARNING
The Formation of Cathexis- refers to
the learned tendency to associate
certain objects with certain drive states.

Equivalence Beliefs- when a subgoal has

the same effect as the goal itsef, the subgoal
is said to be constituted an equivalence
beliefs.

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 SIX KINDS OF LEARNING
Field Expectancies: the organism
learns what leads to what.

Field Cognition: is a strategy, a way of

approaching a problem-solving situation. It is
a tendency to arrange the perceptual field in
certain configurations.

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 SIX KINDS OF LEARNING
Drive Discriminations: simply refers to the
fact that organisms can determine their own
drive state and therefore can respond
appropriately.

Motor Patterns: Tolman pointed out that his theory is

mainly concerned with the association of ideas and is
not overly concerned with the manner in which those
ideas become associated with behavior.

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 SUMMARY
Behavior is goal-directed
Behavior frequently makes use of
environmental props of supports as means-
end readiness.
Behavior is molar; therefore it is docile
In behavior, an organism would prefer for
short and easy means to a goal rather than
long or difficult ones. (Principle of Least Effort)