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Krebs Cycle and the

Electron Transport Chain!


SBI4U: Lesson 3
Cellular Respiration and the Mighty
Mitochondria
Before Krebs

The next part of Cellular Respiration occurs in the Mitochondria! The power house of
the cell!
This is where the bulk of ATP production occurs
Utilizes Pyruvate, the molecule we had leftover from Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation

When Oxygen is present in the cell, Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrial
matrix (inside the mitochondria) and undergoes Decarboxylation
Decarboxylation: removing carbon dioxide from a molecule

Once decarboxylated, the pyruvate gives up another hydrogen atom to NAD+ much
like in glycolysis, and a carrier molecule called coenzyme A, or CoA for short, is
added

We now have a product called Acetyl-Coenzyme A, made up of 2 carbons instead of


the three that pyruvate had. (Acetyl CoA)
Pyruvate Oxidation
Krebs Cycle

After pyruvate has been prepped by oxidation, it then enters into what is known as
Krebs Cycle or the Citric Acid Cycle

It may seem complex, but its just a cycle of reactions that occur over and over to
produce key molecules in that are involved in cellular respiration
Krebs Cycle Cont

First- Two Acetyl- CoA combines with 4-C oxaloacetate to form a 6-C citrate molecule
Note that no complex reaction occurs, they just add themselves together

From there the citrate rearranges itself to create an Isomer called Isocitrate
Isomers are two molecules that contain all of the same things, however they are just
rearranged differently.
Krebs Cont

Next, the isocitrate gives up one carbon dioxide molecule and sheds one hydrogen
molecule to NAD+ creating NADH

This results in a 5-C molecule called -ketoglutarate

-ketoglutarate then also gives up one carbon dioxide molecule and sheds one
hydrogen molecule to NAD+ creating NADH
Here the CoA attaches to the new molecules creating succinyl- CoA, which is now a 4-C
molecule
However this doesnt stay there long, quite quickly CoA is replaced with a phosphate group,
which releases energetic phosphate to a guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to create and
guanosine triphosphate (GTP
Krebs Cont

GTP is another energy carrying molecule, however it quickly reverts back to GDP as an
ADP molecule comes along and takes the phosphate group from it to create ATP

After all of these reactions succinyl CoA becomes 4-C succinate


Krebs Cont

Here succinate releases 2 hydrogen molecules to give to FAD to create FADH2, thus
oxidizing succinate into 4-C Fumarate

Fumarate has one molecule of water added to it to create a single 4-C molecule of
malate

Finally Malate sheds one final hydrogen molecule to NAD+ to create the last molecule
of Krebs Cycle, 4-C Oxaloacetate
Oxaloacetate is constantly recycled and used again as the second pyruvate from glycolysis
goes through pyruvate oxidation and becomes acetyl -CoA
THE KREBS CYCLE
Krebs Cycle Products

The Key created molecules that Krebs creates is 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 Molecules

These are needed in the final, and most important reaction, the electron transport
chain
The ETC (Electron Transport Chain)
The ETC

Takes place in the inner, folded membrane of the mitochontria

Uses the 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 that were created in Krebs Cycle

Is made up of 4 fixed, membrane proteins embedded into the mitochondrial


membrane
Complex I : NADH dehydrogenase
Complex II: Cytochrome b-c Complex
Complex III Cytochrome Oxidase Complex
Complex IV : ATP Syntase
ETC Cont

The first step in this Chain is NADH dehydrogenase.


Here an NADH molecule is reduced by losing 2 electrons (e-) and 1 hydrogen ion.
NADH dehydrogenase accepts these electrons and uses them to power a pump that moves
protons (H+) into the intermembrane space
The 2 e- are then passed on to an electron carrier called ubiquinone which moves the
electrons to the next complex, called Cytochrome b-c1.
ETC CONT

In the next stop, FADH2 enters and is also reduced, donating 2 e- and 2 H+
Like in NADH Dehydrogenase, Cytochrome b-c1 uses the electrons to pump the donated H+
out into the intermembrane space
Electrons are then passed to another carrier called cytochrome C, which passes them to the
third complex called Cytochrome Oxidase
ETC CONT

It is here at Cytochrome Oxidase that the oxygen that we breathe in on second by


second basis takes a role.
Oxygen acts as an electron acceptor and takes the 2e- that have been traveling along the
chain, joining them with 2 H+ to create water

Without our breathing this process of Cellular Respiration cannot work as we lack
oxygen to do so

We also have further pumping of H+ into the intermembrane space.


ETC Cont

The last step creates the large majority of all the ATP our bodies use
Known as Oxidative Phosphorylation

Runs off of a electrochemical gradient caused by the active pumping of hydrogen ions
into the intermembrane space
Called the hydrogen ion gradient
Because of the high amount of H+ in the intermembrane space, H+ wants to enter back into
the mitochondrial matrix through a membrane protein known as ATP synthase

We use the energy in H+ moving through ATP Synthase to power the phosphorylation
of ADP to form ATP
This is called Chemiosmosis
ETC CONT

After ATP is formed, the H+ is then pumped back out into the intermembrane space
and the entire process runs again with the products from the second pyruvate.

Throughout the total process of Cellular Respiration, one single glucose molecule
yields us 36 ATP with 32 being generated in the ETC
Mitochondrial Diseases
Mitochondrial Diseases

For the rest of class you will be able to research different mitochondrial diseases

You will need this information for your project which we will be going over next class

Please also remember to finish your exit ticket!

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