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The next part of Cellular Respiration occurs in the Mitochondria! The power house of
the cell!
This is where the bulk of ATP production occurs
Utilizes Pyruvate, the molecule we had leftover from Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
When Oxygen is present in the cell, Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrial
matrix (inside the mitochondria) and undergoes Decarboxylation
Decarboxylation: removing carbon dioxide from a molecule
Once decarboxylated, the pyruvate gives up another hydrogen atom to NAD+ much
like in glycolysis, and a carrier molecule called coenzyme A, or CoA for short, is
added
After pyruvate has been prepped by oxidation, it then enters into what is known as
Krebs Cycle or the Citric Acid Cycle
It may seem complex, but its just a cycle of reactions that occur over and over to
produce key molecules in that are involved in cellular respiration
Krebs Cycle Cont
First- Two Acetyl- CoA combines with 4-C oxaloacetate to form a 6-C citrate molecule
Note that no complex reaction occurs, they just add themselves together
From there the citrate rearranges itself to create an Isomer called Isocitrate
Isomers are two molecules that contain all of the same things, however they are just
rearranged differently.
Krebs Cont
Next, the isocitrate gives up one carbon dioxide molecule and sheds one hydrogen
molecule to NAD+ creating NADH
-ketoglutarate then also gives up one carbon dioxide molecule and sheds one
hydrogen molecule to NAD+ creating NADH
Here the CoA attaches to the new molecules creating succinyl- CoA, which is now a 4-C
molecule
However this doesnt stay there long, quite quickly CoA is replaced with a phosphate group,
which releases energetic phosphate to a guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to create and
guanosine triphosphate (GTP
Krebs Cont
GTP is another energy carrying molecule, however it quickly reverts back to GDP as an
ADP molecule comes along and takes the phosphate group from it to create ATP
Here succinate releases 2 hydrogen molecules to give to FAD to create FADH2, thus
oxidizing succinate into 4-C Fumarate
Fumarate has one molecule of water added to it to create a single 4-C molecule of
malate
Finally Malate sheds one final hydrogen molecule to NAD+ to create the last molecule
of Krebs Cycle, 4-C Oxaloacetate
Oxaloacetate is constantly recycled and used again as the second pyruvate from glycolysis
goes through pyruvate oxidation and becomes acetyl -CoA
THE KREBS CYCLE
Krebs Cycle Products
The Key created molecules that Krebs creates is 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 Molecules
These are needed in the final, and most important reaction, the electron transport
chain
The ETC (Electron Transport Chain)
The ETC
Uses the 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 that were created in Krebs Cycle
In the next stop, FADH2 enters and is also reduced, donating 2 e- and 2 H+
Like in NADH Dehydrogenase, Cytochrome b-c1 uses the electrons to pump the donated H+
out into the intermembrane space
Electrons are then passed to another carrier called cytochrome C, which passes them to the
third complex called Cytochrome Oxidase
ETC CONT
Without our breathing this process of Cellular Respiration cannot work as we lack
oxygen to do so
The last step creates the large majority of all the ATP our bodies use
Known as Oxidative Phosphorylation
Runs off of a electrochemical gradient caused by the active pumping of hydrogen ions
into the intermembrane space
Called the hydrogen ion gradient
Because of the high amount of H+ in the intermembrane space, H+ wants to enter back into
the mitochondrial matrix through a membrane protein known as ATP synthase
We use the energy in H+ moving through ATP Synthase to power the phosphorylation
of ADP to form ATP
This is called Chemiosmosis
ETC CONT
After ATP is formed, the H+ is then pumped back out into the intermembrane space
and the entire process runs again with the products from the second pyruvate.
Throughout the total process of Cellular Respiration, one single glucose molecule
yields us 36 ATP with 32 being generated in the ETC
Mitochondrial Diseases
Mitochondrial Diseases
For the rest of class you will be able to research different mitochondrial diseases
You will need this information for your project which we will be going over next class