Stages of Prenatal Development

SITINOR/FEM3101/FEBRUARI 2013/PJJ 1
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Reproductive systems
Stages in prenatal development
Context of development
Influences on prenatal development
The Female Reproductive
System
Uterus
A muscular chamber
about the size and shape
of a pear.
Located in a woman's
abdomen, is a hollow,
elastic reproductive organ,
where a baby develops
during pregnancy.
Female anatomy
The uterus - is a major
female hormone-
responsive reproductive
sex organ
Within the uterus
fetus develops during
gestation.
The term uterus
=womb.
One end, the cervix,
opens into the vagina;
the other is connected
on both sides to the
Fallopian tubes.
Sperm is the male reproductive cell
Sperm
Chief Characteristics:
1. Tightly packed tip (acrosome) that contains 23
chromosomes that carry genetic information
2. Short neck region
3. Trail to propel it in its search for the ovum
4. Microscopic
Fact:
Remains capable of fertilizing egg for 24-48 hours
after ejaculation
Of 200 million sperm that enter the vagina, only
about 200 survive the journey to the fallopian tubes,
where fertilization occurs
Males, at birth, have in their testes those cells that
will eventually produce sperm

Ovum (Egg)
The ovum is the female reproductive cell
Chief Characteristics:
1. Round
2. .01 mm in diameter
3. Consistency of stiff jelly
4. Contributes 23 chromosomes
Fact:
Females already have 1-2 million primal eggs at birth
Eggs usually fertilized about 12 hours after discharged
from the ovary or they die within 12-24 hours
When a young woman
ovulation reaches puberty, she
begins to ovulate
a process in which a
mature egg cell (also
called an ovum), ready
for fertilization by a
sperm cell, is released
from one of the ovaries
Her body prepares for a potential pregnancy
every cycle, whether or not she want to
actually conceive.
Under the influence of Follicle Stimulating
Hormone (FSH), about 15 to 20 eggs start to
mature in each ovary.
Although it averages about two weeks, the
process to release an egg can take anywhere
from about eight days to a month or longer to
complete.
menstrual
Ovulation occurs 14
cycle
days before the next
menstruation.
As the average
menstrual cycle lasts
28 days (starting with
the first day of one
period and ending
with the first day of
the next menstrual
period), most women
ovulate on day 14.
A menstrual cycle can vary between 21 to
38 days.
A woman is generally most fertile (able to
become pregnant) a few days before,
during, and after ovulation.
The corpus luteum remains behind on the
interior ovarian wall, and starts releasing
progesterone.
Progesterone quickly stops the release of
all other eggs until the next cycle. The
corpus luteum has a finite lifespan, of
about 12 to 16 days.
Menstruation
If the egg does not become
fertilized as it travels down the
fallopian tube on its way to the
uterus, the endometrium (lining of
the uterus) is shed and passes
through the vagina (the
passageway through which fluid
passes out of the body during
menstrual periods; also called the
birth canal), a process called
menstruation.
Pregnancy
If the egg is fertilized
by a sperm cell as it
travels down the
fallopian tube, then
pregnancy occurs, it
becomes attached to
the lining of the uterus
In order for conception to occur, though,
there must be three factors present:
the egg,
the sperm
a medium in which the sperm can travel
to reach the fallopian tubes.
Women produce cervical fluid under the
influence of increasing levels of estrogen in
the first part of the cycle.
Sperms can live up to five days in fertile
quality cervical fluid
3 Stages in prenatal
development:
Germinal stage
Embryonic stage
Fetal stage
First phase
Conception: First
Conception: phase ofof development
development
Period
Period of
of the
the zygote
zygote
The development of a single human

being begins with conception when a
single sperm cell from the male unites
with an egg from a female and forms a
single cell called a zygote.
Once conception has occurred, the
ovum continues down the fallopian
tube. Then, it implants itself in the wall
of its uterus.
This is the first phase of development
and it is known as the period of the
zygote.
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Conception
Conception
The period of the zygote (Fertilization to 2 weeks)

This period lasts about 2 weeks.
The term zygote is used to refer to the organism

throughout this period.
In the early stages, the mass of cell is undifferentiated.
However, about four days after conception some

differentiation begins, at which point the organism is
called blastocyst.
Conception
Conception
The period of the zygote (Fertilization to 2 weeks)
A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells that

has developed from the fertilized egg.
During this time, cells begin to differentiate.
By the end of the period of the zygote, the

developing organisms has found food and
shelter in the uterus and developed into the
embryonic stage.
Conception
Conception
The embryonic stage (2 to 8 weeks)
The second major phase of prenatal

development (the embryo) begins with
completion of implantation
It continues for another six weeks until

the various support structures are fully
formed and all the major organ systems
have been laid down in at least
rudimentary form.
Conception
Conception
The embryo is especially vulnerable to

interference with healthy development.
This stage begins at week 3 and ends in the

second month (week 8) of conception.
Conception
Conception
The embryos circulatory is connected to the

placenta through the umbilical cord.
The placenta is connected to both the mothers

and the embryos (fetuss) blood system, but the
two systems are not directly connected.
Small molecules pass back and forth through this

large filtering system, but large ones cannot.
Conception
Conception
So nutrients such as oxygen, proteins, sugars, and

vitamins from the maternal blood pass through to the
embryo or fetus, while digestive wastes and carbon
dioxide from the infants blood pass back through to the
mother, whose own body can eliminate them.
The period from the ninth week of conception until the

end of pregnancy is called the fetal stage or the period
of the fetus. The embryo is called fetus when the first
bone cell appears.
Conception
Conception
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The period of the fetus (8 weeks to birth)

This is the longest prenatal period.
The seven months of the fetal stage

involve primarily a process of refining all
the primitive organ systems already in
place.
At the end of the embryonic period, the

main parts exist in some basic form; the
next seven month are for the finishing
process. SITINOR/FEM3101/FEBRUARI 2013/PJJ 22
Conception
Conception
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The period of the fetus (8 weeks to birth)
During this phase, the organisms begins to increase

rapidly in size, about 20 times its previous length; organs
and body systems become more complex.
This period is divided into second trimester and third

trimester.
Table 2.1 displays milestones of prenatal development.
Figure 2.1 shows the growth of the brain during the

prenatal period.
Table2.1
Table 2.1Milestones
MilestonesofofPrenatal
PrenatalDevelopment
Development
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Technology Oriented
Trimester Period Week Length & Major Development

s Weight
1 Zygo 1-2 One-celled zygote multiplies

te and forms a blastocyst.
Structures that feed and
protect the developing
organism begin to form.
Emb 3-4 inch A primitive brain and spinal
ryo cord appear.
Heart, muscles, backbone,
ribs and digestive tract begin
to develop.
5-8 1 inch; Many external body forms
1/7 and internal organs form.
ounce The sense of touch begins to
develop, and the embryo can
move.
Table2.1
Table 2.1 Milestones
Milestones
Business ofofPrenatal
Prenatal
Technology
Driven
Development
Development
Oriented Environmental Friendly
Trimeste Perio Week Lengt Major Development

r d s h&
Weigh
t
1 Fetus 9-12 3 Rapid increase in size
inches begins.
; less Nervous systems, organs
than 1 and muscles become
ounce organized and connected.
New behavioral capacity
such as kicking, thumb
sucking, mouth opening and
rehearsal of breathing
appear.
External genitals are well
formed & the fetuss sex is
evident.
Table2.1
Table 2.1 Milestones
Milestones
Business ofofPrenatal
Prenatal
Technology
Driven
Development
Development
Trimester Perio Week Length Major Development

d s &
Weigh
t
2 Fetus 13-24 12 First fetal movement is usually felt
inches by the mother at about 16th weeks;
; 1.8 bones begin to develop; fairly
pound complete ear is formed.
s Weeks 20 - Hair growth begins;
child is very human-looking at this
age and thumb sucking may be
seen.
Weeks 24 - Eyes are completely
formed (but closed); fingernails,
sweat glands, and taste buds are all
formed; some fat deposit beneath
skin. The infant is capable of
breathing if born prematurely at
this stage but survival rate is still
low for infants born this early.
Table2.1
Table 2.1Milestones
Milestones ofofPrenatal
Prenatal
Technology
Business Driven
Development
Development
Trimeste Perio Week Lengt Major Development

r d s h&
Weig
ht
3 Fetus 25-38 20 Nervous system, blood, and
inche breathing systems are all well
s; 7.5 enough developed to support
poun life; premature born at this
ds stage have poor sleep/wake
cycles and irregular breathing,
however.
Interconnections between
individual nerve cell (neurons)
develop rapidly; weight is
added; general finishing of
body systems take place.
Fertilization
Prenatal development begins when the ovum and
sperm unite (i.e., fertilization), creating a new and
separate cell called the Zygote
FIRST CELL DIVISION
Immediately the cell begins to duplicate, taking

approximately 30 hours to complete the first cell
division.
BLASTOCYST
At an increasingly faster rate, new cells are added until

they form a hollow, fluid-filled ball, called a blastocyst
(about 4 or five days after conception).
Approximately 60 to 70 cells form the blastocyst.
Those on the inside (called the embryonic disk) will
become the new organism whereas those on the outside
will provide the protective covering.
IMPLANTATION
Around the seventh or ninth day, the blastocyst implants
itself into the uterine lining.
The protective covering quickly develops into the amnion,
surrounding the organism in amniotic fluid.
A yolk sac also develops, producing blood cells until the
liver, spleen, and bone marrow is mature.
8 WEEKS FROM
EMBRYO: 5 WEEKS
CONCEPTION
The Period of the embryo lasts from about 2 weeks
until about the 8th week of pregnancy.
During this time, the groundwork for all body
structures and organs is laid.
Embryo: 6 Weeks
Even before the mother knows she is pregnant:
the heart has begun to pump blood;
the muscles, backbone, and ribs have begun to
appear;
and tiny buds have developed into arms, legs, fingers,
and toes.
EMBRYO: 7 WEEKS
By the 7th week, the liver and spleen begins
producing blood cells and the heart has developed
separate chambers.
At this time, the tiny organism shows sensitivity to
touch and freely moves about in the amniotic sac.
However, at less than an inch long and only an
ounce in weight, the organism is still too tiny for
any movements to be felt by the mother.
8 WEEKS 9 WEEKS 10 WEEKS
By the end of the embryonic period, the internal organs as well

as external structures have become more distinct.
Illustration: The development of the eyes.
"The eyes form on stems that have grown from either
side of the front of the brain out to the skin on the face
At first, the eyes are mere indentations on the side of
the head, but they develop rapidly through seven (top),
eight (middle), and 10 (bottom) weeks of pregnancy.
By three months, the eyelids form, and then close for a
few months over the newly formed eyes." (text by Your
Growing Child)
FETUS 3 MONTHS
The 3rd month of pregnancy marks the end of the first trimester
for the mother, and the end of the first month of the Fetal Period.
The fetal period is the longest prenatal period, lasting from the
ninth week to the end of pregnancy.
During the third month, the organs, muscles, and nervous system become
connected and organized.
The fetus can kick, bend its arms, make a fist, open its mouth, and can
even suck its thumb.
The skin of the fetus is thin and transparent. Thus, the internal organs
and features can still easily be seen with an internal camera
11-14 weeks
FETUS - FOUR MONTH
During the 4th month - vernix (a white, cheeselike

substance) covers the entire body of the fetus.
The vernix protects the skin from chapping during the
several months that the fetus is in the amniotic fluid.
A white, downy hair called lanugo also covers the fetus'
body, which helps the vernix stick to the skin.
The fetus has grown large enough that the movements
can sometimes be felt by the mother. Often felt like a
flutter or a "flip-flop. These first movements that can
be felt by the mother is called quickening.
FETUS 5 MONTHS
At 22 weeks, the fetus weighs a little over 1 pound, and

is about 1 foot in length.
At this time, the movements can clearly be felt by the
mother and by others who place their hands over the
mother's abdomen.
The fetus also shows a sensitivity to light and can be
stimulated and irritated. However, it still has a long way
to go before it is mature enough to survive outside of
the womb. Although there are a few cases of infants
being born and surviving at this time, the chance of
survival (and without later complications), is very slim.
FETUS 6 MONTHS
The 6th month marks the beginning of the third

trimester for the mother. If born during this trimester,
the fetus has a chance survival.
The point in which it can first survive is referred to as
the age of viability and occurs sometime between 22
and 26 weeks.
FETUS 7 MONTHS
At only 3-4 pounds, the 7 month old fetus has yet

another 3-4 pounds to go before reaching the
average 7.5 pounds.
During this time, the brain continues to develop at
at increasingly fast rate.
By 7 months, the fetus clearly responds to sounds
outside of the womb, developing a preference for
the tone and rythm of its mother's voice.
FETUS 8 MONTHS
By the 8th month, the fetus has little room for large
movements. During this month, a layer of fat is
added that will assist with temperature regulation.
The lungs however, still remain immature. If born at
this time, the infant will likely require some help with
breathing.
It is not until the 9th month that the lungs are mature
enough to regulate breathing without assistance.
A CHILD IS BORN
One minute, and again at five minutes after

birth, the infant is assessed using the APGAR
scale.
On average, the newborn infant weighs 7.5
pounds and is 20 inches long.
BABY 3 WEEKS OLD
A majority of the newborn's first month is spent
sleeping, waking every few hours to be fed.
Embrio : blastosis burrows into
the uterine lining
As soon as the fertilized egg burrows into the lining,
it starts releasing a pregnancy hormone, HCG
(Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) which sends a
message back to the corpus luteum left behind on
the ovarian wall.
HCG signals the corpus luteum to remain alive
beyond its usual maximum of 16 days and
continuing to release progesterone long
enough to sustain the nourishing lining.
After several months, the placenta takes over, not
only maintaining the endometrium, but providing all
the oxygen and nutrients the fetus needs to thrive.
Cells Division
There are two type of cell division
Mitosis and meiosis

Reproductive cells divide through meiosis
process, while all other body cells divide
through the mitosis process
Cells Division
Mitosis is cell division that results in the duplication of cells; the
daughter cells genetic copies of the parent cell. This cell multiplication
allows for replacement of old cells, tissue repair, growth and
development.
Mitosis
The creation of new cells through duplication of chromosomes &
divisions of cells cells duplicates (From 1 24 16 32,
etc)
Cells developed into organs, brain, heart etc.
Growth & Development
You grew from a zygote, or fertilized egg (the fusion of two cells: an
egg and a sperm) into an organism with trillions of specialized cells.
Mitosis is the process that enabled you to grow and develop after
that fateful meeting of ovum and sperm became you.
Cell Replacement
Cells must divide in order for an organism to grow and develop, but
cell division is also required for maintenance, cell turnover and
replacement.
Meiosis is Sex Cell (Gamete) Formation
In sexually reproducing organisms, some cells are able to divide by another
method called meiosis.
Meiosis is a complex process by which gametes form; involves duplication
and division of reproductive cells and their chromosomes.
The number of chromosomes in cells divide into twos, and each set
of cell will receive 1 from each sets of chromosomes makes up 23
sets.
This type of cell division results in the production of gametes (eggs or
sperm).
Meiosis is much more complex than mitosis involves the duplication and
subsequent division of chromosomes, meiosis involves two divisions of
genetic material. As is the case in mitosis, in meiosis the cell duplicates its
chromosome number prior to beginning cellular division. Then nuclear
division, the sorting out of the genetic material, begins, and unfolds over the
course of 2 cellular divisions that result in 4 gametes.
Meiosis is Sex Cell (Gamete) Formation
Gametes & Gonads
Gametes are haploid (1n) with half the number of chromosomes than
the progenitor cell that they arose from. These haploid sex cells arise
in specialized reproductive tissue called the gonads. Ovaries (female
gonads) and testes (male gonads) are the sites of meiosis.
Fertilization & Development
Sexual reproduction results in the merging of sperm and egg at
fertilization, and brings the chromosome count back to the 2n diploid
number necessary for a zygote to have complete genetic
information; 2 sets of genetic instructions in 23 pairs of
chromosomes.
As cells divide, the zygote develops and grows into an embryo, fetus
and beyond. These 23 pairs of chromosomes are duplicated with
every cell division, and are the genetic material inside nearly every
cell of the body.
What's the Difference
between Mitosis &
Mitosis is how the cells of our body
Meiosis
make more cells for growth,
development and repair.
Meiosis is how our body makes sex

cells, or gametes (eggs or sperm).
Mechanisms of
Heredity
The Genetic Code
Basis of heredity is a chemical called
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which contains all the
inherited material passed from biological parents to
children
Every cell except the sex cells has 23 pairs of
chromosomes--46 in all
Genetic action that triggers growth of body and
brain is often regulated by hormones
Mechanisms of heredity
The genetic code
DNA and chromosomes
Human genome
23 pairs of chromosomes in every cell
(46 total) except sex cells
Meiosis division in sex cells (23 single
chromosomes)
Mitosis division in body cells
Genetic Code
Genetic information are kept in
chromosomes ie. A long & complex set
of DNA molecules.
Genes is a segment of DNA molecules
contains instructions for making protein.
Human being is said to have 100
trillions of cells in the body with
specific functions; and is distributed
through 46 chromosomes, ie. 23 from
father & 23 from mother.
Genetic Foundation
Genotype (genetic makeup)
Phenotype (observable characteristics)
Hereditary
composition of the
zygote
What determines sex?
Autosomes chromosome pairs 1- 22
Sex chromosomes 23rd pair of
chromosomes
XX = female
Xy = males
Determination of a childs
sex
What Determines
Sex?
Sex chromosomes are either X chromosomes or
Y chromosomes
When an ovum (X) is fertilized by an X-carrying
sperm, the zygote formed is XX, a female
When an ovum (X) is fertilized by a Y-carrying
sperm, the resulting zygote is XY, a male
Choromosomes
Boy or girl?
Chromosomes determine sex :
23 pairs of sex chromosomes
Female : XX pairs of sex chromosomes
Male : XY pairs of sex chromosomes
FATHER=XY MOTHER=XX
XY (male) XX (female)
Patterns of Genetic Transmission
When an offspring receives two
contradictory traits, only one of them,
the dominant one shows itself
The expression of a recessive trait,
occurs only when a person receives
the recessive traits from both parents
Dominant and recessive
inheritance
What Causes Multiple Births?
Dizygotic (two-egg) twins=fraternal twins
Monozygotic (one-egg) twins=identical
twins
The rise in multiple births is due in part to
a trend toward delayed childbearing
Infertility
Inability to conceive a baby after 12 to 18
months of trying
Genetic and
Chromosomal
Abnormalities
Some defects are due to abnormalities in
genes or chromosomes, which may result
from mutations
Many disorders arise when an inherited
predisposition interacts with an environmental
factor, either before or after birth
Sex linked inheritance of a birth defect
Nature and Nurture
Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity
and Environment
Adopted children's IQs are consistently closer to the IQs of
their biological mothers than to those of their adoptive
parents and siblings.
Monozygotic twins generally look alike; they are also more
concordant than dizygotic twins in their risk for such medical
disorders as hypertension (high blood pressure), heart
disease, stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, peptic ulcers, and
epilepsy
Heredity seems to exert a strong influence on general
intelligence and also on specific abilities
A strong hereditary influence on schizophrenia and autism,
among other disorders; found in
SITINOR/FEM3101/FEBRUARI families
2013/PJJ 66

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SITINOR/FEM3101/FEBRUARI 2013/PJJ 1

The development of a single human

The period of the zygote (Fertilization to 2 weeks)

The term zygote is used to refer to the organism

In the early stages, the mass of cell is undifferentiated.

However, about four days after conception some

The period of the zygote (Fertilization to 2 weeks)

A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells that

During this time, cells begin to differentiate.

By the end of the period of the zygote, the

The embryonic stage (2 to 8 weeks)

The second major phase of prenatal

It continues for another six weeks until

The embryonic stage (2 to 8 weeks)

The embryo is especially vulnerable to

This stage begins at week 3 and ends in the

The embryonic stage (2 to 8 weeks)

The embryos circulatory is connected to the

The placenta is connected to both the mothers

Small molecules pass back and forth through this

The embryonic stage (2 to 8 weeks)

So nutrients such as oxygen, proteins, sugars, and

The period from the ninth week of conception until the

The period of the fetus (8 weeks to birth)

The seven months of the fetal stage

At the end of the embryonic period, the

The period of the fetus (8 weeks to birth)

During this phase, the organisms begins to increase

This period is divided into second trimester and third

Table 2.1 displays milestones of prenatal development.

Figure 2.1 shows the growth of the brain during the

Trimester Period Week Length & Major Development

1 Zygo 1-2 One-celled zygote multiplies

Trimeste Perio Week Lengt Major Development

Trimester Perio Week Length Major Development

Trimeste Perio Week Lengt Major Development

Immediately the cell begins to duplicate, taking

At an increasingly faster rate, new cells are added until

By the end of the embryonic period, the internal organs as well

During the 4th month - vernix (a white, cheeselike

At 22 weeks, the fetus weighs a little over 1 pound, and

The 6th month marks the beginning of the third

At only 3-4 pounds, the 7 month old fetus has yet

One minute, and again at five minutes after

Mitosis and meiosis

Meiosis is how our body makes sex

Phenotype (observable characteristics)

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