ACI Load Factors and

Safety Margins
 ACI Load Factors Equations

U = 1.4(D + F)
(4.31a)
U = 1.2(D + F T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
(4.31b)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
(4.31c)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L + 1.0(Lr or S or R)
WHERE:

D = dead load
E = earthquake load
F = lateral fluid pressure load & maximum height
H = load due to the weight and lateral pressure of
soil and water in soil
L = Live load
Lr = roof load
R = rain load
S = snow load
T = self-straining force such as creep, shrinkage and
temperature effects
W = wind loads
 Reduction in Live Loads
For large areas, the full intensity of live load does not cover the
entire floor area. Members having an influence area of 400 ft 2
(37.2m2) or more can be designed for a reduced live load
For English: For SI:

WHERE
L = Reduced design live load per square foot of area supported
by the member
L0 = Unreduced design live load per square foot of area
AI = Influence Area, the tributary area for a column / beams /
equal area for a two-way slab.
 Strength Reduction Factor

Flexure : For factory-produced precast prestressed concrete members, = 1.0

For post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete members, = 0.95
Shear and Torsion : Reduction factor for prestresses members, = 0.90
 Limit State in Flexure at Ultimate Load in Bonded Membe
Decompression to Ultimate Load

Cracking develops when the tensile stress in the concrete at the extreme
fibers of the critical section exceeds the maximum stress level

Decompression Stress the stress level in the tendons when the overload
causes the compressive stress in the concrete at the level of the prestressing
steel to continually decrease until it becomes to zero.
 The steel strain increment due to overload above the
decompression load is

Total Strain in the prestressing steel at this stage becomes

Nominal Moment Strength of Rectangular Sections
With Mild Steel tension reinforcement
Nominal Moment Strength of Flanged Sections
When, hf < Neutral Axis c and equivalent rectangular
Block depth a, the section can be treated as a flanged
section
In order to determine whether the neutral axis falls outside the flange,
Requiring a flanged section analysis, one has to be determine, where
The total compressive force Cn is larger or smaller than the total tensil
Force Tn.
If Tp + Ts > Cf , the neutral axis falls outside the flange and the section
Has to be treated as flanged section.
Otherwise, it should be treated as a rectangular section of the width
b of the compression flange
Other method to determine, is simply calculate equivalent rectangular
Block depth a
Determination of Prestressing Nominal Failure Stress fps
fps can be determined by strain compatibility

For Bonded Tendons

 For Unbonded Tendons

For a span-to-depth ratio of 35 or less

Where, fps < fpy

< (fpe + 60 000)

For a span-to-depth ratio greater than 35

Where, fps < fpy

< (fpe + 30 000)
Step-by-Step Procedure for Limit-State-At-Failure Desig
Of the Prestressed Members
Flowchart for
flexural
analysis of
rectangular
and flanged
Section
based on cgs
profile depth
Flowchart for
flexural analysis
of rectangular
and flanged
Section using
compatibility
analysis for
individual layers
of strands and
bars
EN
D.
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