CFX13 Workshop XX RAE Airfoil

Workshop XX
Transonic flow over a

RAE 2822 airfoil
Introduction to CFX
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. WS4-1 December 2010
WS4: Flow over an Airfoil
Overview Workshop Supplement
Goals
Test Case Description
Setup
Results
Summary
Outlook

Goals Workshop Supplement
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the user to modelling

flow in high speed external aerodynamic applications.
In this case the flow over a RAE 2822 airfoil at an angle of attack
of 3.19 will be simulated and the lift and drag values will be
compared to published results.
To reduce computational cost, the mesh will be made up of a

slice through the airfoil that is a single cell thick. CFX is a 3D
solver so a 2D mesh cannot be simulated.

Test Case Description (TCD) Workshop Supplement
RAE 2822 Airfoil
AGARD 138; Test Case 13A

Airfoil RAE 2822 Pressure
distributions and boundary layer and
wake measurements; Cook,
McDonald, Firmin
Re = 2.7 106
Ma = 0.74
geom = 3.19
Measurements @ RAE 8 ft x 6 ft
transonic wind tunnel

TCD: Computational Domain Workshop Supplement
Airfoil chord length

c=1m
Size of the domain

xL/c = 100
(-50 m x/c 50 m)
yL/c = 0.01
(0 m y/c 0.01 m)
zL/c = 100
(-50 m z/c 50 m)

TCD: Grid Information Workshop Supplement
ANSYS ICEM CFD Hexa 11.0
Hexahedral elements
2-D
1 element, 2 nodes thick
Grid sequence
Coarse: 58,480 nodes
Medium: 235,040 nodes
Fine: 946,000 nodes
Scalable grids
Consistent mesh quality upon grid
refinement

For this workshop we have 3 different Grids, which have been

successively refined in order to study the discretization error
(see Appendix)
Coarse Medium Fine
Elements 28,925 116,887 471,726
Nodes 58,480 235,040 946,000
Max. Aspect Ratio 523 1,410 5,965
Min. Grid Angle 46.0 51.3 52.7
Avg. Y+ 34.5 6.6 0.6

Coarse Medium Fine
Leading
Edge
Trailing
Edge
Y+ = 34.5
AVG Y+ = 6.6
AVG Y+ = 0.6
AVG

TCD: Boundary Conditions Workshop Supplement
Angle of attack = 3.19

Opening
Cartesian velocity
v
U = 218.11 m s-1
V = 0 m s-1
W = 10.745 m s-1 Opening
Tu = 1 %
Eddy viscosity ratio = 1.0
Outlet
Static temperature = 216.65 K
v No-Slip
Outlet
Average static pressure = 11,111 Pa
Symmetry
Planes perpendicular to the Y axis
v
Start a workbench project Workshop Supplement
1. Launch Workbench
2. Save the new project as RAE 2822 in your working directory
3. Drag a Fluid Flow (CFX) module from the Analysis Systems section of the
Toolbar onto the Project Schematic.
4. Right-click on the Mesh cell within the Fluid Flow module and select Import Mesh
File. With the type set to ICEM CFD
Select coarse_v3.0.cfx5
With the mesh file imported, the geometry cell will not be needed so it is
removed from the Fluid Flow module.
5. Launch CFX-Pre

Domain Setup Workshop Supplement
In the Default domain Basic Settings tab

1. Set the material to Air Ideal Gas.
2. Set the Reference Pressure to 11111 [Pa].
3. Move to the Fluid Models tab.
4. Set Heat Transfer to Total Energy. This is required

for compressible simulations.
5. Check that Incl. Viscous Work Term is activated.
6. Set the Turbulence Option to Shear Stress

Transport.
7. Click OK.

Boundary Conditions Workshop Supplement
An outlet relative pressure of 0[Pa] can be applied because the

required absolute pressure is entered as the reference pressure.
Absolute pressure =reference pressure +relative pressure.
1. Right-click on Default Domain and select Insert>Boundary. Call it Outlet.
2. Change the Boundary Type to Outlet and check that the location is set to
OUTLET.
3. Move to the Boundary Details tab and set the Mass and Momentum option to
Average Static Pressure with a value of 0 [Pa]. Click OK.

The Sides of the Domain will use symmetry conditions to create an

approximation of a 2D simulation.
1. Insert a Symmetry boundary called Sym Left, at the location Primitive 2D B (you
will need to use the extended list icon )
2. Insert a Symmetry boundary called Sym Right, at the location Primitive 2D A

The mesh has been constructed so that the airfoil is at 0 angle of

attack. To apply the required angle of 3.19 the flow direction at the
inlet must be adjusted. The values will be created using
expressions.
1. Right-click on Expression in the tree and select Insert>Expression. Call it Uref.

Set it to 218.42946 [m s^-1] then click Apply. Remember that all expressions
must have the appropriate dimensions.
2. In the expression editor add the following expressions by right-clicking on

Expressions and select Insert>Expression.
AlphaDeg = 3.19 [deg]
Ux = Uref*cos(AlphaDeg)
Uz = Uref*sin(AlphaDeg)
Return to the main Outline tree.

1. Right-click on Default Domain and insert a

boundary called Inlet.
2. The Boundary Type should be set to Inlet by
default and a Location of INLET should also
be applied.
3. Move to the Boundary Details tab.
4. Change the Mass and Momentum option to
Cart. Vel. Components. Enter the values Ux, 0
and Uz in the U, V and W fields. Youll need
to use the Expression icon to allow an
expression name to be entered (Ux and Uz).
5. Choose the Intensity and Eddy Viscosity
Ratio option for turbulence settings.
6. Set Fractional Intensity to 0.01 and the Eddy
Viscosity Ratio to 1.0
7. Set Static Temperature = 216.65 [K].
8. Click OK.
The final boundary is the wall around the airfoil.
This should already exist as Default Domain Default. Edit it to

check that only the walls remain in the default boundary, then
rename it airfoil.
The standard settings for a default boundary are an adiabatic wall. This is what is
required in this case so the settings do not need to be changed.

Monitors Workshop Supplement
For this simulation the values of lift and drag are the key values
So monitors will be added to track their values and ensure they have reached
a steady value.
The lift and drag coefficients will be created using CEL. Remember that
the freestream flow is offset from the x direction so the forces will have
to be adjusted to account for the angle of attack.
Enter the following expressions, or select File>Import>CCL and load
the file Airfoil.ccl. Use the Append option.
CD = drag/(0.5*Rho*Uref^2*Chord*RefLength)
CL = lift/(0.5*Rho*Uref^2*Chord*RefLength)
CP = (Absolute Pressure -11111[Pa])/(0.5*Rho*Uref^2)
Chord = 1.0 [m]
RefLength = 0.01 [m]
Rho = 0.1786 [kg m^-3]
drag = cos(AlphaDeg)*(force_x()@airfoil)+sin(AlphaDeg)*(force_z()@airfoil)
lift = cos(AlphaDeg)*(force_z()@airfoil)-sin(AlphaDeg)*(force_x()@airfoil)

Monitors Workshop Supplement
1. Open Output Control and go to the Monitor tab.

2. Check the Monitor Options box.
3. Click on the Add New Item icon and name it DragCoeff.
4. Set the Option to Expression and enter CD.
5. Add a new item called LiftCoeff and set it to be CL.
6. Click OK.

Solver Control Workshop Supplement
Open the Solver Control section from the

main tree.
1. Increase the Max. Iterations to 500.
2. Check that both the Advection Scheme is set to
High resolution and Turbulence Numerics is set to
First Order.
3. Change the Physical Timescale to 0.1[s]
4. Set the Residual Target to 1e-3 RMAX.
5. Click OK.
This case is now ready to run. So click

on File>Save Project, close CFX-Pre and
return to the Workbench window.

Running the Simulation Workshop Supplement
1. In Workbench double-click on Solution.
2. Select Run Definition> Double Precision = On
3. Click on Start Run
When running, the User Points tab will display the monitor points setup in the
Output Control section of CFX Pre. This will include the values of CL and CD.
These should converge to a steady value before the convergence criteria is met.
Otherwise the run should be extended.

Monitor Values Workshop Supplement
Before leaving the solver the values of

CL and CD can be viewed by clicking on
the monitor lines.
The values extracted should be CL=0.785

and CD=0.027.
Now close CFX-Solver Manager and return

to the Workbench window.

Post-processing Workshop Supplement
Right-click in the Results cell and select Edit

to open CFX-Post. The results should
automatically be loaded.
This case required a large domain to allow the

boundary conditions to be imposed without a
large artificial restriction on the flow. However
after the run the main interest will be in the flow
close to the airfoil.
1. Right-click on a blank area of the screen and select

Predefined Camera>View Towards -Y.
2. Use the box zoom so the viewer displays the region

around the airfoil.

When looking at the flow around

an airfoil, plots of several variables
can be of interest such as velocity,
pressure, and Mach number.
1. In the tree turn on the visibility of Sym

Right by clicking in the tick box. The
double click on it to bring up the details
section.
2. Under the Colour tab change the

mode to Variable and select Velocity
using the Global Range, then click
Apply.
Notice that the maximum velocity is

around 355.6 m/s.

To plot Mach number a contour plot will

be used so the supersonic region can
clearly be identified.
1. Select Insert>Contour or click on the

contour icon .
2. Accept the default name then set Location

to Sym Right and the Variable to Mach
Number.
3. Change the Range to User Specified and

enter 0 to 1.33 as the range.
4. Set # of Contours to 21, the click Apply.
Try plotting other variables such as

pressure or density, use the local or global
range when limits are not known.

To plot the pressure coefficient distribution around the airfoil a polyline is

needed to represent the airfoil profile and a variable needs to be created to
give this CP.
1. Create a Polyline using Insert>Location>Polyline.
2. Change the Method to Boundary Intersection.
3. Set Boundary List to airfoil, Intersect With to Sym Right then click Apply.
A line will be created around one end of the airfoil. For full 3D cases other locations could
have been extracted if a XY plane was first created.
4. Move to the Variables tab and define a new variable named MyCP. Set the
Method to Expression and select CP (previously defined in CFX-Pre). Click OK.

A chart showing the pressure distribution around

the airfoil will now be created.
1. Insert a chart using Insert>Chart or selecting .
2. In the General tab leave the type as XY.
3. Move to the Data Series tab and enter a new series. Set the
location to Polyline 1.
4. Move to the X Axis tab and change the variable to X.
5. Move to the Y Axis tab and change the variable to MyCp. Invert
Axis selected
6. Click Apply and the chart is generated.
These values can be compared with experimental results.

1. Return to the Data Series tab and change the name to CFX.
2. Insert a new series and give it the name Experiment.
3. Change the Data Source to File and select ExperimentalData.csv
4. Move to the Line Display tab, select the Experiment data series and modify the Line
Display options as follows : Line Style = None and Symbols = Diamond
5. Click Apply

Summary Workshop Supplement
The workshop has covered the following items:
1. Loading an existing mesh
2. Setting up and running a high speed compressible flow simulation

over an airfoil
3. Extracting lift and drag forces and comparing with experimental data
4. Examining the flow patterns around the airfoil
5. Comparing the pressure distribution to experimental values

Scope for further work Workshop Supplement
This simulation is a good match to experimental work but further

steps could be taken if required, including:
Refining the mesh, particularly in the wake region.

Applying a transition model to account for the small region of laminar
flow around the nose of the airfoil.
Adding additional airfoil features such as a finite thickness trailing edge
that will be used on all real airfoils.
Simulating the whole wing to account for spanwise variations.
Adding more features to a simulation will usually increase the

computational cost, so one of the most important step in any
simulation is to decide which features need to be included and
which ones can be left out.

Appendix: Best Practice Guidelines & Quality
Assurance

Quality Assurance Workshop Supplement
Error assessment:
Iteration errors
Discretisation errors
Model errors Comparison with data
Systematic errors
Best Practice Guidelines
ANSYS
ERCOFTAC

Iteration Error: Medium Grid Workshop Supplement
Drag and Lift coefficients for = 3.19

Second order discretization scheme
0.036 0.9
CD
0.034 Relative Error CL 0.85
0.032
0.4% 0.003% 0.8
0.030
CD [-]
CL[-]
0.028 0.75
0.8% 0.2%
0.026
0.7
0.024
0.65
0.022
Rmax = 10-3 Rmax = 10-4 Rmax = 10-5
0.020 0.6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Iterations

Iteration Error: Medium Grid Workshop Supplement
Pressure coefficient for = 3.19

-1.5
RMAX = 10E-3
-1 RMAX = 10E-4
RMAX = 10E-5
-0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
CP [-]
0.5
1.5
x/c [-]

Discretization Error Workshop Supplement
RMAX = 10-5, Second order discretization scheme
CD CL
Grid CD [-] CL [-]
Rel. Err Rel. Err
Coarse 0.0268 10.7% 0.7926 2.5%
Medium 0.0246 1.6% 0.7660 1.0%
Fine 0.0242 - 0.7735 -

Discretization Error Workshop Supplement
RMAX = 10-5,Second order discretization scheme
-1.5
Coarse
-1 Medium
Fine
-0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
CP [-]
0.5
1.5
x/c [-]

CD Iteration & Discretization Error Workshop Supplement
0.065
1st order coarse
1st order medium 0.060
1st order fine
2nd order coarse 0.055
2nd order medium
2nd order fine 0.050
0.045
CD [-]
0.040
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
1.0E-03 1.0E-04 1.0E-05
Normalized Max Residuals
Solver Information Workshop Supplement
Maximal residuals
Coarse Medium Fine

Quality Assurance Summary Workshop Supplement
Iteration error:
Convergence criterion: Rmax 110-4
Iteration error < 0.2%
Discretization error:
Medium grid 116,887 elements
Discretization error < 1.6 %

Results Workshop Supplement
Results
Ma > 1
Ma < 1

Drag and Lift coefficients Workshop Supplement

Medium grid, RMAX = 10-4
CFX: Exp.:
= 3.19 = 3.19
0.0247
Drag coefficient CD 0.0188
(31% dev)
0.766
Lift coefficient CL 0.733
(4.5% dev)


Fine grid, RMAX = 10-5
CFX: Exp.:
= 3.19 = 3.19
0.0242
(29% dev)
0.774
(5.5% dev)

Pressure Coefficient Workshop Supplement

All Grids, RMAX = 10-5
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
CP [-]
0.0
0.5
Experiment alpha = 3.19
Coarse Grid
1.0 Medium Grid
Fine Grid
1.5
x/c [-]

Systematic Error: Angle of Attack Workshop Supplement
Geometric angle of attack geom = 3.19 in wind tunnel

Free flight calculation @ effective angle of attack
Wall interference corrections
[AGARDograph No. 109]
eff = 2.82
cCL c2 1
0 2 1 CL CM
h h 4
Interference factors 0 and 1 derived experimentally
(Airfoil RAE 2822 Pressure Distributions and Boundary Layer and Wake
Measurements; Cook, McDonald, Firmin)


Fine Grid, RMAX = 10-5
CFX: CFX: Exp.:

= 3.19 = 2.82 = 3.19
0.0242 0.0201
(29% dev) (7% dev)
0.774 0.736
(5.5% dev) (0.4% dev)

Results: Pressure Coefficient Workshop Supplement
Fine Grid, RMAX = 10-5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
CP [-]
0.5
CFX alpha = 2.82
1 CFX alpha = 3.19
Experiment alpha = 3.19
1.5
x/c [-]

Summary Workshop Supplement
Detailed quality assurance

Iteration error (0.2 %)
Discretization error (1.6 %)
Systematic error (20 %)
Alpha correction due to differences between geometrical

and effective angle of attack in wind tunnels
geom = 3.19 eff = 2.82
Prediction of aerodynamic coefficients

Good agreement with experimental results (errors: CD=7% and CL=0.4%)
Prediction of shock position

Excellent agreement with experimental results

Outlook Workshop Supplement
Underprediction of pressure value at suction peak (x/c 0.04)

Forced transition in experiments @ x/c 0.03
Run ANSYS CFX Transition model


CFX13 Workshop XX RAE Airfoil

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Workshop XX

Transonic flow over a

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

Overview Workshop Supplement

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the user to modelling

To reduce computational cost, the mesh will be made up of a

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

Test Case Description (TCD) Workshop Supplement

RAE 2822 Airfoil

AGARD 138; Test Case 13A

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

TCD: Computational Domain Workshop Supplement

Airfoil chord length

Size of the domain

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

TCD: Grid Information Workshop Supplement

ANSYS ICEM CFD Hexa 11.0

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

For this workshop we have 3 different Grids, which have been

Coarse Medium Fine

Elements 28,925 116,887 471,726

Nodes 58,480 235,040 946,000

Max. Aspect Ratio 523 1,410 5,965

Min. Grid Angle 46.0 51.3 52.7

Avg. Y+ 34.5 6.6 0.6

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

Coarse Medium Fine

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

TCD: Boundary Conditions Workshop Supplement

Angle of attack = 3.19

2. Save the new project as RAE 2822 in your working directory

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

In the Default domain Basic Settings tab

2. Set the Reference Pressure to 11111 [Pa].

3. Move to the Fluid Models tab.

4. Set Heat Transfer to Total Energy. This is required

5. Check that Incl. Viscous Work Term is activated.

6. Set the Turbulence Option to Shear Stress

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

An outlet relative pressure of 0[Pa] can be applied because the

1. Right-click on Default Domain and select Insert>Boundary. Call it Outlet.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

The Sides of the Domain will use symmetry conditions to create an

2. Insert a Symmetry boundary called Sym Right, at the location Primitive 2D A

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

The mesh has been constructed so that the airfoil is at 0 angle of

1. Right-click on Expression in the tree and select Insert>Expression. Call it Uref.

2. In the expression editor add the following expressions by right-clicking on

Return to the main Outline tree.

1. Right-click on Default Domain and insert a

The final boundary is the wall around the airfoil.

This should already exist as Default Domain Default. Edit it to

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

1. Open Output Control and go to the Monitor tab.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

Open the Solver Control section from the

This case is now ready to run. So click

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0

1. In Workbench double-click on Solution.

2. Select Run Definition> Double Precision = On

3. Click on Start Run

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary Release 13.0