EE 369

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 12
Power Flow
Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick

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 Announcements
Homework 9 is 3.20, 3.23, 3.25, 3.27, 3.28,
3.29, 3.35, 3.38, 3.39, 3.41, 3.44, 3.47; due
11/3.
Midterm 2, Thursday, November 10, covering
up to and including material in HW9.
Homework 10 is: 3.49, 3.55, 3.57, 6.2, 6.9,
6.13, 6.14, 6.18, 6.19, 6.20; due 11/17. (Use
infinity norm and epsilon = 0.01 for any
problems where norm or stopping criterion
not specified.)

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Transmission System
Planning

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Source: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
ERCOT and Texas

Source: US Energy Department of Energy 4

 ERCOT
Has considerable wind and expecting considerable
more!
Competitive Renewable Energy Zones study
identified most promising wind sites in West Texas,
ERCOT ISO planned approximately $5 billion (original
estimate of cost, actually cost $7 billion) of new
transmission to support an additional 11 GW of wind:
Used tools such as power flow to identify whether plan
could accommodate wind generation.
Built by transmission companies.
Mostly completed by 2014.

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CREZ Transmission Lines

6
 NR Application to Power
Flow
We first need to rewrite complex power equations
as equations with real coefficients (we've seen this earlier):
*
n n
Si *
Vi I i Vi YikVk * *
Vi YikVk
k 1 k 1
These can be derived by defining
Yik @ Gik jBik
ji
Vi @ Vi e Vi i
ik @ i k
Recall e j cos j sin
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 Real Power Balance
Equations
n n
jik
Si Pi jQi Vi Yik*Vk* i k
V V e (Gik jBik )
k 1 k 1
n
Vi Vk (cos ik j sin ik )(Gik jBik )
k 1
Resolving into the real and imaginary parts:
n
Pi PGi PDi Vi Vk (Gik cosik Bik sin ik )
k 1
n
Qi QGi QDi Vi Vk (Gik sin ik Bik cosik )
k 1

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 Newton-Raphson Power
Flow
In the Newton-Raphson power flow we use Newton's
method to determine the voltage magnitude and angle at
each bus in the power system that satisfies power balance.
We need to solve the power balance equations:
n
Vi Vk (Gik cosik Bik sin ik ) PGi PDi 0
k 1
n
Vi Vk (Gik sin ik Bik cosik ) QGi QDi 0
k 1

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Power Balance Equations
For convenience, write:
n
Pi ( x ) Vi Vk (Gik cosik Bik sin ik )
k 1
n
Qi ( x ) Vi Vk (Gik sin ik Bik cosik )
k 1
The power balance equations are then:
Pi ( x ) PGi PDi 0
Qi ( x ) QGi QDi 0

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 Power Balance Equations
Note that Pi( ) and Qi( ) mean the functions that
expresses flow from bus i into the system in
terms of voltage magnitudes and angles,
While PGi, PDi, QGi, QDi mean the generations and
demand at the bus.
For a system with a slack bus and the rest PQ
buses, power flow problem is to use the power
balance equations to solve for the unknown
voltage magnitudes and angles in terms of the
given bus generations and demands, and then
use solution to calculate the real and reactive
injection at the slack bus.

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 Power Flow Variables
Assume the slack bus is the first bus (with a fixed
voltage angle/magnitude). We then need to determine
the voltage angle/magnitude at the other buses.
We must solve f ( x ) 0, where:
2 P2 ( x ) PG 2 PD 2
M M

n Pn ( x ) PGn PDn
x f (x )
V 2 Q2 ( x ) QG 2 QD 2

M M
V Q (x) Q Q
n n Gn Dn
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N-R Power Flow Solution
The power flow is solved using the same procedure
discussed previously for general equations:
For v 0; make an initial guess of x, x (0)
While f (x ( v ) ) Do
( v 1) (v) (v) 1 (v)
x x [J (x )] f ( x )
v v 1
End

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Power Flow Jacobian Matrix
The most difficult part of the algorithm is determining
and factorizing the Jacobian matrix, J(x)
f1 f1 f1
(x ) (x) L ( x )
x1 x2 x2 n 2

f 2 f 2 f 2
(x ) (x) L ( x )
J (x ) x1 x2 x2 n 2

M O O M
f 2 n 2 f 2 n 2 f 2 n 2
(x) (x) L ( x )
x1 x2 x2 n2
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Power Flow Jacobian Matrix,
contd
Jacobian elements are calculated by differentiating
each function, fi ( x), with respect to each variable.
For example, if fi ( x) is the bus i real power equation
n
fi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik cosik Bik sinik ) PGi PDi
k 1
n
fi
i
( x) Vi Vk (Gik sinik Bik cosik )
k 1
k i

fi
( x) Vi V j (Gij sin ij Bij cosij ) ( j i )
j
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 Two Bus Newton-Raphson
Example
For the two bus power system shown below,
Newton-Raphson power flow to determine the
voltage magnitude and angle at bus two. Ass
that bus one is the slack and SBase =100MVA.
Line Z = 0.1j

One 1.000 pu Two 1.000 pu

0 MW 200 MW
0 MVR 100 MVR

2 j10 j10
Unkown: x , Also, Ybus
V2 j10 j10 16
Two Bus Example, contd
General power balance equations:
n
Vi Vk (Gik cosik Bik sin ik ) PGi PDi 0
k 1
n
Vi Vk (Gik sin ik Bik cosik ) QGi QDi 0
k 1
For bus two, the power balance equations are
(load real power is 2.0 per unit,
while reactive power is 1.0 per unit):
V2 V1 (10sin 2 ) 2.0 0
2
V2 V1 ( 10cos 2 ) V2 (10) 1.0 0 17
 Two Bus Example, contd
P2 ( x ) 2.0 V2 (10sin 2 ) 2.0
2
Q2 ( x ) 1.0 V2 ( 10cos 2 ) V2 (10) 1.0
Now calculate the power flow Jacobian
P2 ( x ) P2
( x)
2 V2
J (x )
Q2 Q2
( x) ( x)
2 V2
10 V2 cos 2 10sin 2

10 V2 sin 2 10cos 2 20 V2
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 Two Bus Example, First
Iteration
2(0) 0
For v 0, guess x (0) . Calculate:
V2(0) 1
V2(0) (10sin 2(0) ) 2.0
2.0
f (x (0)
)
V (0) (0)
( 10cos 2 ) V2(0) 2
(10) 1.0 1.0
2
10 V2(0) cos 2(0) 10sin 2(0)
10 0
J (x (0)
)
10 V2(0) sin 2(0) (0)
10cos 2 (0)
20 V2 0 10

1
(1) 0 10 0 2.0 0.2
Solve x 10 1.0
1
0 0.9 19
 Two Bus Example, Next

Iterations
0.9(10sin( 0.2)) 2.0 0.212
(1)
f (x ) 2 0.279
0.9( 10cos( 0.2)) 0.9 10 1.0
8.82 1.986
J (x (1) ) 1.788 8.199

1
(2) 0.2 8.82 1.986 0.212 0.233
x 1.788 8.199 0.279
0.9



0.8586

(2) 0.0145 (3) 0.236

f (x ) x
0.0190 0.8554
(3) 0.0000906
f (x ) Close enough! V2 0.8554 13.52
0.0001175
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 Two Bus Solved Values
Once the voltage angle and magnitude at bus
known we can calculate all the other system v
such as the line flows and the generator real a
reactive power output
200.0 MW -200.0 MW
168.3 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -100.0 MVR

One 1.000 pu Two 0.855 pu -13.522 Deg

200.0 MW 200 MW
168.3 MVR 100 MVR

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 Two Bus Case Low Voltage
Solution
This case actually has two solutions! The second
"low voltage" is found by using a low initial guess.
(0) 0
Set v 0, guess x . Calculate:
0.25
V2(0) (10sin 2(0) ) 2.0
2
f (x (0)
) 0.875
V (0) (0)
( 10cos 2 ) V2(0 ) 2
(10) 1.0
2
10 V2(0) cos 2(0) 10sin 2(0)
2.5 0
J (x (0)
)
10 V2(0) sin 2(0) 10cos 2(0) 20 V2(0) 0 5

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Low Voltage Solution, cont'd
1
(1) 0 2.5 0
2 0.8
Solve x 0.075
0.25 0 5 0.875

(2) 1.462 (2) 1.42

(3) 0.921

f (x ) x x
0.534 0.2336 0.220
Low voltage solution
200.0 MW -200.0 MW
831.7 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -100.0 MVR

One 1.000 pu Two 0.261 pu -49.914 Deg

200.0 MW 200 MW
831.7 MVR 100 MVR
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 Two Bus Region of
Convergence
Graph shows the region of convergence for
different initial
guesses of bus 2 angle (horizontal axis) and
Red region
magnitude (vertical axis). converges
to the high
voltage
solution,
while the
yellow region
converges
to the low
voltage
solution

Maximum
of 15
iterations24
 PV Buses
Since the voltage magnitude at PV buses is fixed there is no
need to explicitly include these voltages in x nor explicitly
include the reactive power balance equations at the PV
buses:
the reactive power output of the generator varies to maintain the
fixed terminal voltage (within limits), so we can just use the solved
voltages and angles to calculate the reactive power production to
be whatever is needed to satisfy reactive power balance.
An alternative is to keep the reactive power balance equation
explicit but also write an explicit voltage constraint for the
generator bus:
|Vi | Vi setpoint = 0

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Three Bus PV Case Example
For this three bus case we have
2 P2 ( x ) PD 2
x 3 f ( x ) P3 ( x ) PG 3 0

V2 Q2 ( x ) QD 2
Line Z = 0.1j

0.941 pu
One 1.000 pu Two -7.469 Deg

170.0 MW 200 MW
68.2 MVR 100 MVR
Line Z = 0.1j Line Z = 0.1j

Three 1.000 pu

30 MW
63 MVR
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 PV Buses
With Newton-Raphson, PV buses means that
there are less unknown variables we need to
calculate explicitly and less equations we need
to satisfy explicitly.
Reactive power balance is satisfied implicitly by
choosing reactive power production to be
whatever is needed, once we have a solved case
(like real and reactive power at the slack bus).
Contrast to Gauss iterations where PV buses
complicated the algorithm.

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 Modeling Voltage
Dependent Load
So far we've assumed that the load is independent of
the bus voltage (i.e., constant power). However, the
power flow can be easily extended to include voltage
dependence with both the real and reactive load. This
is done by making PDi and QDi a function of Vi :
n
Vi Vk (Gik cosik Bik sin ik ) PGi PDi ( Vi ) 0
k 1
n
Vi Vk (Gik sin ik Bik cosik ) QGi QDi ( Vi ) 0
k 1
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 Voltage Dependent Load
Example
In previous two bus example now assume the load is
constant impedance, with corresponding per unit
admittance of 2.0 j1.0 :
2 2
P2 ( x ) 2.0 V2 V2 (10sin 2 ) 2.0 V2 0
2 2 2
Q2 ( x ) 1.0 V2 V2 ( 10cos 2 ) V2 (10) 1.0 V2 0
Now calculate the power flow Jacobian
10 V2 cos 2 10sin 2 4.0 V2
J (x )
10 V2 sin 2 10cos 2 20 V2 2.0 V2
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 Voltage Dependent Load,
cont'd
(0) 0 (0) 2
Again for v 0, guess x (0)
. Calculate:
V2 1
V2(0) (0)
(10sin 2 ) 2.0 V2(0) 2
f (x (0)
) 2.0
2 2 1.0
V2(0) ( 10cos 2(0) ) V2(0) (10) 1.0 V2(0)

(0) 10 4
J (x )
0 12
1
(1) 0 10 4 2.0 0.1667

Solve x 1.0
1 0 12 0.9167
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 Voltage Dependent Load,
cont'd
With constant impedance load the MW/MVAr lo
bus 2 varies with the square of the bus 2 volta
magnitude. This if the voltage level is less tha
the load is lower than 200/100 MW/MVAr.
160.0 MW -160.0 MW
120.0 MVR Line Z = 0.1j -80.0 MVR

0.894 pu
One 1.000 pu Two -10.304 Deg

160.0 MW 160 MW
120.0 MVR 80 MVR

More generally, load can be modeled as the sum

constant power, constant impedance, and, in som
constant current load terms: ZIP load. 31
 Solving Large Power
Systems
Most difficult computational task is inverting the
Jacobian matrix (or solving the update equation):
factorizing a full matrix is an order n3 operation,
meaning the amount of computation increases with
the cube of the size of the problem.
this amount of computation can be decreased
substantially by recognizing that since Ybus is a sparse
matrix, the Jacobian is also a sparse matrix.
using sparse matrix methods results in a
computational order of about n1.5.
this is a substantial savings when solving systems
with tens of thousands of buses.

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 Newton-Raphson Power
Flow
Advantages
fast convergence as long as initial guess is
close to solution
large region of convergence
Disadvantages
each iteration takes much longer than a
Gauss-Seidel iteration
more complicated to code, particularly when
implementing sparse matrix algorithms
Newton-Raphson algorithm is very
common in power flow analysis.

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