Electrical Machines

Induction Motors_Note(1)
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 Induction Motor
Comparing with synchronous motor No dc field
current is required to run the machine.
Instead, amortisseur windings are installed in the
rotor.
The machine is called Induction because the
rotor voltage is induced in the rotor windings
rather than physically connected by wires.
It is possible to use an induction machine as motor
or generator, but there are many disadvantages to
use it as generator.

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 Induction Motor Components
1) Stator: Consisting of a steel frame
that supports a hollow, cylindrical
core of stacked laminations. Slots on
the internal circumference of the
stator house the stator winding
2) Rotor: There are two different types
of induction motor rotor:
Squirrel cage rotor (Cage rotor):
Consists of series of conducting
bars laid into slots carved in the
face of rotor and shorted at either
end by large shorting rings.
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Wound rotor IM
A wound rotor has a 3-phase
winding, similar to the stator
winding.

The rotor winding terminals are

connected to three slip rings which
turn with the rotor. The slip
rings/brushes allow external
resistors to be connected in series
with the winding.

The external resistors are mainly

used during start-up under normal
running conditions the windings
short circuited externally. 4
5
 Induction Motors Operation
Principle
1) The three-phase stator is supplied by balanced
three-phase voltage that drives an AC
magnetizing current through each phase
winding.
2) The magnetizing current in each phase
generates a pulsating AC flux.
3) The total flux in the machine is the sum of the
three fluxes.
4) The summation of the three AC fluxes results
in a rotating flux, which turns with constant
speed and has constant amplitude.
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5. The rotating flux induces a voltage in the short-
circuited bars of the rotor. This voltage drives
current through the bars.
6. The induced voltage is proportional with the
difference of motor and synchronous speed.
Consequently the motor speed is less than the
synchronous speed
7. The interaction of the rotating flux and the rotor
current generates a force that drives the motor.

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 IM Rotating Field
Consider a simple stator with 6 salient poles - windings
AN, BN, CN. The windings are mechanically spaced at
120 from each other and connected to a 3-phase source.

AC currents Ia, Ib and Ic will flow in

the windings, but will be displaced in
time by 120. Each winding
produces its own MMF, which
creates a flux across the hollow
interior of the stator. The 3 fluxes
combine to produce a magnetic field
that rotates at the same frequency
as the supply.
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 Rotating Field - Direction
of rotation
The phase current waveforms follow each other
in the sequence A-B-C.This produces a
clockwise rotating magnetic field.

If we interchange any two of the lines connected

to the stator, the new phase sequence will be A-
C-B.This will produce a counterclockwise
rotating field, reversing the motor direction.
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 Number of Poles Synchronous Speed
1) The rotating speed of the
revolving stator flux can be
reduced by increasing the
number of poles (in multiples
of two). In a four-pole stator, the
phase groups span an angle of
90. In a six-pole stator, the phase
groups span an angle of 60.

2) This leads to the definition of synchronous speed (rotating

stator flux speed):
Ns = 120 f/p
where Ns = synchronous speed (rpm), f = frequency of the supply (Hz), p = number
of poles 10
 Induction Motors Slip
The difference between the synchronous
speed and rotor speed can be expressed as
a percentage of synchronous speed, known
as the slip:

X 100 %
where
s = slip, Ns = synchronous speed (rpm), N =
rotor speed (rpm)

At no-load, the slip is nearly zero (<0.1%). At full load, the

slip for large motors rarely exceeds 0.5%. For small
motors at full load, it rarely exceeds 5%. The slip is 100%
for locked rotor.
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 Frequency Induced In the Rotor

The frequency induced in the rotor depends on the slip:

Ns N
fR f
Ns
where fR = frequency of voltage and current in the rotor, f
= frequency of the supply and stator field, s = slip

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 Examples
Example 7-1

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 Equivalent circuit of induction motor

Transformer Model of an Induction Motor

Per-phase equivalent circuit of transformer:
 Induction Motors Equivalent circuit
An induction motor can be described as rotating transformer, it
is input is three phase voltage and current, the output of IM is
shorted out so no electrical output exist, instead the output is
mechanical. The Per phase equivalent circuit of an induction
motor:

Xsta Rsta Xrot_t Rrot_t

Ista Irot_t
Vsup Rc X m Vsta Rrot_t(1-s)/s

Stator Rotor
Air gap
Stator: Resistance and self inductance , magnetization reactance XM and core resistance RC
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Rotor: resistance and reactance
Transformer model of induction motor

Magnetization curve of induction motor

Transformer Model of Induction Motor
Note: slope of induction motors magneto-motive
force-flux curve is much shallower than curve of a
good transformer
because there is an air gap in an induction motor
which greatly increase reluctance of flux path &
therefore reduces coupling between primary &
secondary windings
Higher reluctance caused by air gap means a higher
magnetizing reactance XM in equivalent circuit will
have a much smaller value (larger susceptance BM)
than its value in an ordinary transformer.
Power flow diagram

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 Power and torque in Induction Motors

The supply power is:

Pin 3VI cos

The power transferred through the air gap by the

magnetic coupling is the input power (Pin) minus the
stator copper loss and the magnetizing (stator iron) loss.

PAG Pin PSCL Pcore

R2
PAG 3I 2
2
s 19
 The stator copper and core losses are determined using the
following:
PSCL 3I12 R1
3E12
Pcore
Rc

The electrically developed power (Pdv) is the difference

between the air gap power (Pag) and rotor copper loss.

Pdv ( conv ) PAG PRCL ind m

PRCL 3I 22 R2 PRCL sPAG
R2
Pdv ( conv ) PAG (1 s ) 3I 2 (1 s ) ind m
s
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 Induction Motors Output Power

The subtraction of the mechanical ventilation and

friction losses (Pmloss) from the developed power gives
the mechanical output power (in Hp):

Pout Pdv Pmloss load m

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Induction Motors Efficiency and Torque

The motor efficiency:

Pout

Pin
Motor torque:

Pout
T
m
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 Example(1)

A 460 V, 60 Hz, 25 hp, 4 pole, Y connected induction motor

has following impedances in /phase referred to stator
circuit:
R1 = 0.641 R2=0.332
X1 = 1.106 X2 = 0.464 XM=26.3
The total rotational losses are 1100 W, & assumed to be
constant core loss is lumped in with rotational losses. For
rotor slip of 2.2 % at rated voltage & rated frequency,
find:
(a) Speed (b) stator current (c) P.F. (d) Pconv & Pout
(e) Tind & Tload (f) Efficiency

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IM Torque-Speed Characteristic

How does the torque of IM change as the load

changes?
At light loads: The rotor slip is very small and so
the relative motion between the rotor and magnetic
field is very small and the rotor frequency is also
very small. Current and ER is very small and in
phase so BR is relatively small, as the rotor
magnetic field is very small then the induced
torque is small:
ind kBR Bnet sin
R 90 Rotor power factor
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IM Torque-Speed Characteristic
At heavy loads:
As load increase, the slip increase, rotor speed
falls down,
thus, more relative motion appears and produce
stronger ER,
larger rotor current IR and so rotor magnetic
field BR will be seen.
The angle of the rotor current will be also
changed.
The increase in BR tend to increase in the
torque.
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 Starting torque: is 200-250% of the full load
torque (rated torque).

Pullout torque: Occurs at the point where

for an incremental increase in load the
increase in the rotor current is exactly
balanced by the decrease in the rotor power
factor. It is 200-250 % of the full load
torque.
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A typical induction motor torque-
speed characteristic curve

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 Torque-Speed Characteristic
Curve Regions
Low-slip region:

In this region the motor slip increases approximately

linearly with increase load & rotor mechanical speed
decreases approximately linearly with load.
In this region rotor reactance is negligible, so rotor PF is
approximately unity, while rotor current increases linearly
with slip.
The entire normal steady-state operating range of an
induction motor is included in this linear low-slip region.
 Moderate-slip region

In moderate-slip region rotor frequency is higher than

before, & rotor reactance is on the same order of magnitude
as rotor resistance.
- In this region rotor current, no longer increases as rapidly
as before and the P.F. starts to drop
- peak torque (pullout torque) of motor occurs at point where,
for an incremental increase in load, increase in rotor
current is exactly balanced by decrease in rotor P.F.
 High-slip region:

In high- slip region, induced torque actually

decreases with increased load, since the increase
in rotor current is completely overshadowed by
decrease in rotor P.F.
For a typical induction motor, pullout torque is
200 to 250 % of rated full-load torque
And starting torque (at zero speed) is about 150%
of full-load torque
Unlike synchronous motor, induction motor can
start with a full-load attached to its shaft
Comments on IM torque speed curve

1- Induced torque of motor is zero at Syn. Speed.

2- Torque-speed curve is nearly linear between no load
and full load. In this range rotor resistance is much
larger than its reactance so rotor current, rotor
magnetic field & induced torque increase linearly
with increasing slip
3- There is a maximum possible torque that cannot be
exceeded (pullout torque) is 2 to 3 times rated full-
load torque of motor.
Comments on IM torque speed curve (con.)

4- Starting torque on motor is slightly larger than its

full-load torque, so this motor will start carrying
any load that it can supply at full power
5- Note: that torque on motor for a given slip varies
as square of applied voltage. This is useful in one
form of induction motor speed control that will be
described.
6- If rotor of induction motor driven faster than sync.
Speed, direction of Tind reverses & machine
become Gen. converting Pmech to Pelec.
Induction Motor/Generator Mode
 Induction Motor Maximum Torque
Using Thevenin Equivalent
Thevenin equivalent voltage of induction motor:
 ZTH=RTH+jXTH = jXM(R1+jX1)/[R1+j(X1+XM)]

Since XM>>X1 and XM+X1>>R1 , Thevenin

resistance & reactance can be approximated as:
RTH R1 ( XM/ [X1+XM] ) ^2
XTH X1

VTH
I2
R2 2
( RTH ) ( X TH X 2 ) 2
s
 Induction Motor Maximum Torque
In IM the maximum power transfer occurs when:
R2/s=RTH^2 + (XTH+X2)^2

So maximum slip Smax is:

Smax=R2 / RTH^2 + (XTH+X2)^2
By applying this value of slip to torque equation
in slide (8):
R2
ind m 3I 2 (1 s )
s
2
3VTH
max
2 sync RTH X TH X 2
2
2
RTH

Note: smax ~ R2 , Maximum torque is independent of R2
 Effect of Varying Rotor Resistance
in wound rotor IM
Effect of varying rotor resistance on T- of wound
rotor
 Example (2)
A 2 pole, 50 Hz induction motor supplies
15kW to a load at a speed of 2950 r/min.
Determine:
- The motors slip?
- The induced torque in the motor in Nm under these
conditions?
- The operating speed of the motor be if its torque is
doubled?
- The power will be supplied by the motor when the
torque is doubled?
Solution:

(a) nsync= 120fe/p= 120x50/2=3000 r/min

s= 3000-2950/3000=0.0167 or 1.67%
(b) Tind=Pconv/m=15 / (2950)(2x1/60)=48.6 N.m.
(c) In the low slip region, the torque-speed is
linear & induced torque ~ s doubling Tind slip would be
3.33 %
nm=(1-s)nsync =(1-0.0333)(3000)=2900 r/min
(d) Pconv=Tind m=97.2 x 2900 x 2x1/60=29.5 kW
 Example (3)
A 460V, 25hp, 60Hz, 4-pole, Y-connected wound rotor
induction motor has the following impedances in ohms
per-phase referred to the stator circuit:
R1 = 0.641 R2 = 0.332
X1 = 1.106 X2 = 0.464 Xm = 26.3
a)What is the max torque of this motor? At what speed
and slip does it occur?
b) What is the starting torque?
c) When the rotor resistance is doubled, what is the speed
at which the max torque now occurs?
d) What is the new starting torque?
 Solution : using Thevenin equivalent :
Xm
VTH V = 266/ (0.641)^2+(1.106+26.3)^2= 255.2 V
R X1 X m
2 2
1

=(0.641)(26.3/[1.106+26.3])^2=0.59

XTHX1=1.106

(a) Smax = R2 / RTH^2 + (XTH+X2)^2

=0.332/(0.59)^2+(1.106+0.464)^2=0.198
- This corresponds to a mechanical speed of :
Nm=(1-s)Nsync=(1-0.198)(1800)=1444 r/min

- The maximum torque at this speed :

2
3VTH
max
2 sync RTH X TH X 2
2 2
RTH

= 3(255.2)^2 / {2x188.5x[0.59+0.59^2+(1.106+0.464)^2]} =229

N.m.
(b) Starting torque of motor found by s=1
2
3VTH R2
start
sync [( RTH R2 ) ( X TH X 2 ) ]
2 2

= 3x255.2^2 x 0.332 /
{188.5x[(0.59+0.332)^2+(1.106+0.464)^2]}=104 N.m.
c) Rotor resistance is doubled, s at Tmax doubles
smax=0.396 , and the speed at Tmax is:
nm=(1-s)Nsync=(1-0.396)(1800)=1087 r/min
Maximum torque is still:
Tmax=229 N.m. and starting torque is :
Tstart=3(255.2)(0.664) / {(188.5)
[(0.59+0.664)^2+(1.106+0.464)^2]} =170 N.m.