Instructor Materials:

Introduction to Networks -
Bridging Content

CCNA Routing & Switching 6.0 Bridging

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 ITN Bridging 1.0:
Module Overview

CCNA Routing & Switching 6.0 Bridging

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 ITN Bridging - Sections & Objectives
1.1 Network Testing and Verification
Explain how to use the extended traceroute and debugging commands.

1.2 Network Troubleshooting

Describe how to use the debug command for network troubleshooting.

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 ITN Bridging 1.1:
Network Testing and
Verification

CCNA Routing & Switching 6.0 Bridging

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The traceroute and tracert Commands
Extended Traceroute
The IOS traceroute command is a valuable:
Network testing and baselining tool
Network troubleshooting tool to locate a network connectivity problem

A variation of the traceroute command is the extended

traceroute command.
Like an extended ping, the extended traceroute enables network
administrators to adjust parameters related to the trace.

The IOS traceroute command terminates when The

destination responds with an ICMP echo reply. To interrupt a
trace, use the Ctrl+Shift+6 escape sequence.

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The traceroute and tracert Commands
Extended Traceroute
To use extended traceroute, simply type traceroute and press ENTER.
IOS will guide you through the command options.

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The traceroute and tracert Commands
Windows tracert Command
The Windows tracert command allows the input of several
parameters; however, it is not guided like the IOS extended
traceroute. To interrupt a trace, use the Ctrl+C escape
sequence.

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Debugging
The debug Command
The IOS debug command displays valuable real-time troubleshooting
information consisting of output generated by IOS processes, protocols,
mechanisms, and events.
All debug commands are entered in privileged EXEC mode. They are
used with keywords to filter command output to include only the relevant
feature or sub-feature information (e.g., debug icmp).
Exercise caution when using the debug command:
Debug processing is assigned high priority in the CPU process and debugging some
events may generate too many CPU requests and overwhelm the device.
Commands such as debug all or debug ip packet a generate a substantial amount of
output and use a large portion of system resources. For this reason, carefully choose
debug command keywords to troubleshoot specific problems.

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Debugging
Using the debug Command
Choose debug command
keywords to troubleshoot
specific problems.

Enable debugging for short

but relevant period of time.

Disable when enough data

has been captured:
no debug keyword(s)
undebug keyword(s)
undebug all
Tip:
The best time to learn about debug is when a network is
stable and operating as expected.
Analyze the captured data. This will help you develop your troubleshooting skills to
recognize unexpected output.

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Debugging
The terminal monitor Command
Administrative access to a router can be established locally using the console
connection, or remotely on virtual console (VTY) lines using SSH or Telnet.
When locally consoled to a device all log messages are displayed by default.
When accessing the VTY lines remotely, log messages are not displayed by default.

To display log messages on a terminal (virtual console), use the terminal monitor
privileged EXEC command.To stop logging messages on a terminal, use the terminal no
monitor privileged EXEC command.

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 ITN Bridging 1.2:
Network Troubleshooting

CCNA Routing & Switching 6.0 Bridging

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Troubleshooting Methodologies
Basic Troubleshooting Approaches
Troubleshooting is being able to analyze the problem, determine the cause
of the error, implement a plan of action, and resolve the network issue.
Commonly done using a six step troubleshooting methodology.

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Troubleshooting Methodologies
Resolve or Escalate
In some situations, it may not be possible to resolve the problem
immediately and the problem should be escalated. This is usually done
when the problem requires a managers decision, some specific expertise,
or network access level unavailable to the troubleshooting technician.
For example, after troubleshooting, the technician concludes a router
module should be replaced:
This problem should be escalated for manager approval.
The manager may have to escalate the problem again as it may require the financial
departments approval before a new module can be purchased.

A companys policy should clearly state when and how a technician should
escalate a problem.

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Troubleshooting Methodologies
Verify and Monitor Solution
When a problem has been solved and a solution implemented, it is
important to verify the system operation.
Verification tools include the ping, traceroute, and show commands.

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Troubleshooting Methodologies
Verify and Monitor Solution
There are many the show commands that can be used to narrow down
and display information about practically any specific aspect of IOS.
In the output, interfaces up and up can send and receive traffic while
administratively down interfaces are shutdown.

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Troubleshoot Cables and Interfaces
Duplex Operation
In data communications, duplex refers to the direction of data transmission
between two devices.
Half-duplex: Communications is restricted to the exchange of data in one direction at a
time
Full-duplex: Communication allows the simultaneous sending and receiving of data.

Interconnected devices must operate in the same duplex mode to avoid

problems on the link. Ethernet autonegotiation facilitates this configuration
and therefore, minimizes problems.

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Troubleshoot Cables and Interfaces
Duplex Mismatch
Duplex mismatches may be
difficult to troubleshoot as
the communication between
devices still occurs. This
may not become apparent
even when using tools such
as ping.

Cisco Discovery Protocol

(CDP) is a Cisco proprietary
protocol that can detect a
duplex mismatch between
two Cisco devices.

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Troubleshoot Scenarios
IP Addressing Issues on IOS Devices
IP address-related problems are often the reason why remote network
devices cannot connect.
IP addresses assigned to a hosts must conform to the networks range of addresses.
Wrongly assigned IP addresses create a variety of issues.

Two common causes of incorrect IPv4 assignment are:

Manual assignment mistakes
DHCP-related issues

Use the IOS show ip interface or show ip interface brief commands to

verify which IPv4 addresses are assigned to the network interfaces.

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Troubleshoot Scenarios
IP Addressing Issues on End Devices
A Windows client that cannot contact a DHCP server will automatically
assign itself a link-local address from the 169.254.0.0/16 range using the
Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) feature.

Use the Windows ipconfig command to verify the IP address

configuration assigned to a Windows-based host:
ipconfig /all Displays IP configurations of all interfaces.
ipconfig /release Makes the DHCP client release its current IP address settings.
ipconfig /renew Makes the DHCP client renegotiate an IP address configuration
with a DHCP server.

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Troubleshoot Scenarios
Default Gateway Issues
All hosts wishing to communicate with outside hosts must have a default
gateway configured. The default gateway address must belong to the
same network as the end device.

The default gateway address can be set manually or obtained from a

DHCP server. Problems are related to misconfiguration or DHCP
problems.

It is important to verify that the proper IPv4 address and subnet mask
were configured on the routers interface and that the interface is active.

To verify the default gateway on Windows-based computers, use the

ipconfig command.

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Troubleshoot Scenarios
Default Gateway Issues
To verify the default gateway on
Windows-based computers, use
the ipconfig command.

On a router, use the show ip

route command to list the
routing table and verify that the
default route (a.k.a., default
gateway) is set.

Default route is used when the

destination address of the
packet does not match any
other routes in its routing table.

Presentation_ID 2016 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 30
Troubleshoot Scenarios
Troubleshooting DNS Issues
Domain Name Service (DNS) is an automated service that matches
domain names, such as www.cisco.com, with its IP address. DNS server
addresses can be manually or automatically assigned (using DHCP).
When a hosts DNS server is unreachable, the user will often report the
problem as the network is down or the Internet is down. Useful
troubleshooting commands include ipconfig /all, and nslookup.

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