Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations

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Chapter 3
Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations
3-1
Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems
3.1 The Mole
3.2 Determining the Formula of an Unknown Compound
3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
3.4 Calculating the Amounts of Reactant and Product
3.5 Fundamentals of Solution Stoichiometry
3-2
mole(mol) - the amount of a substance that contains the

same number of entities as there are atoms in exactly
12 g of carbon-12.
This amount is 6.022x1023. The number is called

Avogadros number and is abbreviated as N.
One mole (1 mol) contains 6.022x1023 entities (to four

significant figures)
3-3
Figure3.1 Counting objects of fixed relative mass.
12 red marbles @ 7g each = 84g

12 yellow marbles @4g each = 48g 55.85g Fe = 6.022 x 1023 atoms Fe
32.07g S = 6.022 x 1023 atoms S
3-4
Figure3.2
Oxygen
32.00 g
One mole of
common
substances.
Water
CaCO3 18.02 g
100.09 g
Copper
63.55 g
3-5
Information Contained in the Chemical Formula of Glucose

C6H12O6 ( M = 180.16 g/mol)
Table 3.1
Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O)
Atoms/molecule
6 atoms 12 atoms 6 atoms
of compound
Moles of atoms/ 6 moles 12 moles 6 moles

mole of compound of atoms of atoms of atoms
Atoms/mole of 6(6.022 x 1023) 12(6.022 x 1023) 6(6.022 x 1023)

compound atoms atoms atoms
Mass/molecule 6(12.01 amu) 12(1.008 amu) 6(16.00 amu)

of compound =72.06 amu =12.10 amu =96.00 amu
Mass/mole of
72.06 g 12.10 g 96.00 g
compound
3-6
Interconverting Moles, Mass, and Number of Chemical Entities
no. of grams
Mass (g) = no. of moles x g
1 mol
1 mol
No. of moles = mass (g) x M
no. of grams
6.022x1023 entities
No. of entities = no. of moles x
1 mol
1 mol
No. of moles = no. of entities x
6.022x1023 entities
3-7
Figure3.3 MASS(g)
MASS(g) Summary of the mass-mole-
ofofelement
element number relationships for
elements.
M (g/mol)
AMOUNT(mol)
AMOUNT(mol)
ofofelement
element
Avogadros
number
(atoms/mol)
ATOMS
ATOMS
ofofelement
element
3-8
Sample Problem 3.1 Calculating the Mass and the Number of Atoms in a
Given Number of Moles of an Element
PROBLEM: (a) Silver (Ag) is used in jewelry and tableware but no longer in U.S.
coins. How many grams of Ag are in 0.0342mol of Ag?
(b) Iron (Fe), the main component of steel, is the most important
metal in industrial society. How many Fe atoms are in 95.8g of Fe?
PLAN: (a) To convert mol of Ag to g we have to use amount(mol) of Ag

the #g Ag/mol Ag, the molar mass M.
multiply by M of Ag
SOLUTION: 0.0342mol Ag x 107.9 g Ag = 3.69g Ag (107.9g/mol)
mol Ag mass(g) of Ag
PLAN: (b) To convert g of Fe to atoms we first have
mass(g) of Fe
to find the #mols of Fe and then convert
mols to atoms. divide by M of Fe
(55.85g/mol)
SOLUTION: 95.8g Fe x mol Fe amount(mol) of Fe
= 1.72mol Fe
55.85g Fe multiply by 6.022x1023
6.022x1023atoms Fe = 1.04x1024 atoms atoms/mol
1.72mol Fe x
mol Fe Fe atoms of Fe
3-9
MASS(g)
MASS(g) Summary of the mass-mole-
Figure3.4 ofofcompound number relationships for
compound
compounds.
M (g/mol)
chemical
formula AMOUNT(mol)
AMOUNT(mol) AMOUNT(mol)
AMOUNT(mol) ofofelements
ofofcompound elementsinin
compound compound
compound
Avogadros
number
(molecules/mol)
MOLECULES
MOLECULES
(or
(orformula
formulaunits)
units)
ofofcompound
compound
3-10
Sample Problem 3.2 Calculating the Moles and Number of Formula Units
in a Given Mass of a Compound
PROBLEM: Ammonium carbonate is white solid that decomposes with

warming. Among its many uses, it is a component of baking
powder, first extinguishers, and smelling salts. How many
formula unit are in 41.6 g of ammonium carbonate?
PLAN: After writing the formula for the
compound, we find its M by adding the mass(g) of (NH4)2CO3
masses of the elements. Convert the given divide by M
mass, 41.6 g to mols using M and then the
mols to formula units with Avogadros amount(mol) of (NH4)2CO3
number. multiply by 6.022x1023
SOLUTION: The formula is (NH4)2CO3. formula units/mol
number of (NH4)2CO3 formula units
M = (2 x 14.01 g/mol N)+(8 x 1.008 g/mol H)
+(12.01 g/mol C)+(3 x 16.00 g/mol O) = 96.09 g/mol
mol (NH4)2CO3 6.022x1023 formula units (NH4)2CO3
41.6 g (NH4)2CO3 x x =
96.09 g (NH4)2CO3 mol (NH4)2CO3
2.61x1023 formula units (NH4)2CO3

3-11
Mass percent from the chemical formula
Mass % of element X =
atoms of X in formula x atomic mass of X (amu)

x 100
molecular (or formula) mass of compound(amu)
Mass % of element X =
moles of X in formula x molar mass of X (amu)

x 100
molecular (or formula) mass of compound (amu)
3-12
Sample Problem 3.3 Calculating the Mass Percents and Masses of

Elements in a Sample of Compound
PROBLEM: Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most important nutrient in the living
cell for generating chemical potential energy.
(a) What is the mass percent of each element in glucose?
(b) How many grams of carbon are in 16.55g of glucose?
PLAN: We have to find the total mass of

amount(mol) of element
glucose and the masses of the
X in 1mol compound
constituent elements in order to
relate them. multiply by M(g/mol) of X
mass(g) of X in 1mol of
SOLUTION: compound
Per mole glucose there are divide by mass(g) of
(a)
6 moles of C 1mol of compound
12 moles H
mass fraction of X
6 moles O
multiply by 100
mass % X in compound
3-13
Sample Problem 3.3 Calculating the Mass Percents and Masses of

Elements in a Sample of Compound
continued
12.01 g C 1.008 g H
6 mol C x = 72.06 g C 12 mol H x = 12.096 g H
mol C mol H
16.00 g O M = 180.16 g/mol

6 mol O x = 96.00 g O
mol O
(b) 72.06 g C
mass percent of C = = 0.3999 x 100 = 39.99 mass %C
180.16 g glucose
12.096 g H
mass percent of H = = 0.06714 x 100 = 6.714 mass %H
180.16 g glucose
96.00 g O
mass percent of O = = 0.5329 x 100 = 53.29 mass %O
180.16 g glucose
3-14
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Empirical Formula -
The simplest formula for a compound that agrees with

the elemental analysis and gives rise to the smallest set
of whole numbers of atoms.
Molecular Formula -
The formula of the compound as it exists, it may be a

multiple of the empirical formula.
3-15
Sample Problem 3.4 Determining the Empirical Formula from Masses

of Elements
PROBLEM: Elemental analysis of a sample of an ionic compound showed

2.82 g of Na, 4.35 g of Cl, and 7.83 g of O. What are the
empirical formula and name of the compound?
PLAN: Once we find the relative number of moles of each element,
we can divide by the lowest mol amount to find the relative
mol ratios (empirical formula).
SOLUTION: 2.82 g Na mol Na = 0.123 mol Na
22.99 g Na
mass(g) of each element
mol Cl
divide by M(g/mol) 4.35 g Cl = 0.123 mol Cl
35.45 g Cl
amount(mol) of each element
mol O
use # of moles as subscripts 7.83 g O = 0.489 mol O
16.00 g O
preliminary formula
Na1 Cl1 O3.98 NaClO4
change to integer subscripts
empirical formula NaClO4 is sodium perchlorate.
3-16
Sample Problem 3.5 Determining a Molecular Formula from Elemental

Analysis and Molar Mass
PROBLEM: During physical activity, lactic acid (M=90.08 g/mol) forms in
muscle tissue and is responsible for muscle soreness. Elemental
analysis shows that this compound contains 40.0 mass% C, 6.71
mass% H, and 53.3 mass% O.
(a) Determine the empirical formula of lactic acid.
(b) Determine the molecular formula.

PLAN:
assume 100g lactic acid and find the
mass of each element
divide each mass by mol mass(M)
amount(mol) of each element molecular formula

use # mols as subscripts
divide mol mass by
preliminary formula
mass of empirical
convert to integer subscripts formula to get a
empirical formula multiplier
3-17
Sample Problem 3.5 Determining a Molecular Formula from Elemental

Analysis and Molar Mass
continued
SOLUTION: Assuming there are 100. g of lactic acid, the constituents are:
40.0 g C mol C 6.71 g H mol H 53.3 g O mol O

12.01g C 1.008 g H 16.00 g O
3.33 mol C 6.66 mol H 3.33 mol O
C3.33 H6.66 O3.33

CH2O empirical formula
3.33 3.33 3.33
molar mass of lactate 90.08 g

3 C3H6O3 is the
mass of CH2O 30.03 g molecular formula
3-18
Figure3.5 Combustion apparatus for determining formulas

of organic compounds.
m m
CnHm + (n+ ) O2 = n CO(g) + H O(g)
2 2 2
3-19
Sample Problem 3.6 Determining a Molecular Formula from Combustion

Analysis
PROBLEM: Vitamin C (M=176.12g/mol) is a compound of C,H, and O

found in many natural sources especially citrus fruits. When a
1.000-g sample of vitamin C is placed in a combustion chamber
and burned, the following data are obtained:
mass of CO2 absorber after combustion =85.35g
mass of CO2 absorber before combustion =83.85g
mass of H2O absorber after combustion =37.96g
mass of H2O absorber before combustion =37.55g
What is the molecular formula of vitamin C?
PLAN: difference (after-before) = mass of oxidized element
find the mass of each element in its combustion product
preliminary empirical molecular

find the mols formula formula formula
3-20
Sample Problem 3.6 Determining a Molecular Formula from Combustion

Analysis
continued
SOLUTION:
CO2 85.35 g-83.85 g = 1.50 g H2O 37.96 g-37.55 g = 0.41 g
There are 12.01 g C per mol CO2 12.01 g CO2

1.50 g CO2 = 0.409 g C
44.01 g CO2
There are 2.016 g H per mol H2O. 0.41 g H O 2.016 g H2O

2 = 0.046 g H
18.02 g H2O
O must be the difference: 1.000 g - (0.409 + 0.046) = 0.545
0.409 g C 0.046 g H 0.545 g O

= 0.0341 mol C = 0.0456 mol H = 0.0341 mol O
12.01 g C 1.008 g H 16.00 g O
C1H1.3O1 C3H4O3 176.12 g/mol

= 2.000 C6H8O6
88.06 g
3-21
Table 3.2 Constitutional Isomers of C2H6O
Property Ethanol Dimethyl Ether
M(g/mol) 46.07 46.07
Boiling Point 78.50C -250C
Density at 200C 0.789 g/mL 0.00195 g/mL

(liquid) (gas)
H H H H
Structural
H C C OH H C O C H
formulas
H H H H
Space-filling
models
3-22
Figure3.6
The formation of HF gas on the macroscopic and molecular levels.
3-23
Figure3.7 A three-level view of the chemical reaction in a flashbulb.
3-24
translate the statement
balance the atoms
adjust the coefficients
check the atom balance
specify states of matter
3-25
Sample Problem 3.7 Balancing Chemical Equations
PROBLEM: Within the cylinders of a cars engine, the hydrocarbon octane

(C8H18), one of many components of gasoline, mixes with oxygen
from the air and burns to form carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
PLAN: SOLUTION:
translate the statement C8H18 + O2 CO2 + H2 O
balance the atoms C8H18 + 25/2O2 8 CO2 + 9 H2O
adjust the coefficients 2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O
check the atom balance 2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O
specify states of matter 2C8H18(l) + 25O2 (g) 16CO2 (g) + 18H2O (g)
3-26
Figure3.8 Summary of the mass-mole-number relationships

in a chemical reaction.
MASS(g)
MASS(g) MASS(g)
MASS(g)
ofofcompound
compoundAA ofofcompound
compoundBB
M (g/mol) of M (g/mol) of
compound A compound B
molar ratio from

AMOUNT(mol)
AMOUNT(mol) AMOUNT(mol)
AMOUNT(mol)
ofofcompound
compoundBB
balanced equation
Avogadros number Avogadros number
(molecules/mol) (molecules/mol)
MOLECULES
MOLECULES MOLECULES
MOLECULES
(or
(orformula
formulaunits)
units) (or
(orformula
formulaunits)
units)
ofofcompound
compoundBB
3-27
Sample Problem 3.8 Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products
PROBLEM: In a lifetime, the average American uses 1750 lb(794 g) of

copper in coins, plumbing, and wiring. Copper is obtained from
sulfide ores, such as chalcocite, or copper(I) sulfide, by a
multistep process. After an initial grinding, the first step is to
roast the ore (heat it strongly with oxygen gas) to form
powdered copper(I) oxide and gaseous sulfur dioxide.
(a) How many moles of oxygen are required to roast 10.0 mol of
copper(I) sulfide?
(b) How many grams of sulfur dioxide are formed when 10.0 mol
of copper(I) sulfide is roasted?
(c) How many kilograms of oxygen are required to form 2.86 kg
of copper(I) oxide?
PLAN: write and balance equation
find mols O2 find mols SO2 find mols Cu2O
find g SO2 find mols O2 find kg O2
3-28
Sample Problem 3.8 Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products
continued
SOLUTION: 2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)

(a) How many moles of oxygen are required to roast 10.0 mol of copper(I) sulfide?
3mol O2
(a) 10.0mol Cu2S = 15.0mol O2
2mol Cu2S
(b) How many grams of sulfur dioxide are formed when 10.0 mol of copper(I) sulfide is roasted?
(b) 10.0mol Cu2S 2mol SO2 64.07g SO2

= 641g SO2
2mol Cu2S mol SO2
(c) How many kilograms of oxygen are required to form 2.86 kg of copper(I) oxide?
(c) 2.86kg Cu2O 103g Cu2O mol Cu2O

= 20.0mol Cu2O
kg Cu2O 143.10g Cu2O
3mol O2 32.00g O2 kg O2
20.0mol Cu2O = 0.959kg O2
3
2mol Cu2O mol O2 10 g O2
3-29
Table 3.3 Information Contained in a Balanced Equation
Viewed in Reactants Products

Terms of C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
molecules 1 molecule C3H8 + 5 molecules O2 3 molecules CO2 + 4 molecules H2O
amount (mol) 1 mol C3H8 + 5 mol O2 3 mol CO2 + 4 mol H2O
mass (amu) 44.09 amu C3H8 + 160.00 amu O2 132.03 amu CO2 + 72.06 amu H2O
mass (g) 44.09 g C3H8 + 160.00 g O2 132.03 g CO2 + 72.06 g H2O
total mass (g) 204.09 g 204.09 g
3-30
Sample Problem 3.9 Using Molecular Depictions to Solve a Limiting-

Reactant Problem
PROBLEM: Nuclear engineers use chlorine trifluoride in the processing of

uranium fuel for power plants. This extremely reactive
substance is formed as a gas in special metal containers by the
reaction of elemental chlorine and fluorine.
(a) Suppose the box shown at left represents a container of the
reactant mixture before the reaction occurs (with chlorine colored
green). Name the limiting reactant, and draw the container
contents after the reaction is complete.
(b) When the reaction is run again with 0.750 mol of Cl2 and 3.00 mol of
F2, what mass of chlorine trifluoride will be prepared?
PLAN: Write a balanced chemical equation. Compare the number of

molecules you have to the number needed for the products.
Determine the reactant that is in excess. The other reactant is the
limiting reactant.
3-31
Sample Problem 3.9 Using Molecular Depictions to Solve a Limiting-

Reactant Problem
continued
SOLUTION: Cl2(g) + 3F2(g) 2ClF3(g)
(a) You need a ratio of 2 Cl and 6 F for the reaction.

You have 6 Cl and 12 F.
6 Cl would require 18 F.
12 F need only 4 Cl (2 Cl2 molecules).
There isnt enough F, therefore it must be the limiting reactant.
F2 Cl2
You will make 4 ClF2 molecules (4 Cl, 12 F) and
have 2 Cl2 molecules left over.
(b) We know the molar ratio of F2/Cl2 should be 3/1.
3.00 mol F2 4 Since we find that the ratio is 4/1,

= that means F2 is in excess and
0.750 mol Cl2 1
Cl2 is the limiting reactant.
0.750 mol Cl2 2 mol ClF3 92.5 g ClF3
= 139 g ClF3
1 mol Cl 1 mol ClF3
3-32
Sample Problem 3.10 Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product in a

Limiting-Reactant Problem
PROBLEM: A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry is composed of

two liquids, hydrazine(N2H4) and dinitrogen tetraoxide(N2O4),
which ignite on contact to form nitrogen gas and water vapor.
How many grams of nitrogen gas form when 1.00x102 g of N2H4
and 2.00x102 g of N2O4 are mixed?
PLAN: We always start with a balanced chemical equation and find the number
of mols of reactants and products which have been given.
In this case one of the reactants is in molar excess and the other will
limit the extent of the reaction.
mass of N2H4 mass of N2O4 limiting mol N2

divide by M multiply by M
mol of N2H4 mol of N2O4 g N2

molar ratio
mol of N2 mol of N2
3-33
Sample Problem 3.10 Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product in a

Limiting-Reactant Problem
continued
SOLUTION: 2 N2H4(l) + N2O4(l) 3 N2(g) + 4H2O(l)
mol N2H4
1.00x102g N2H4 = 3.12mol N2H4 N2H4 is the limiting reactant
32.05g N2H4 because it produces less
3 mol N2 product, N2, than does N2O4.
3.12mol N2H4 = 4.68mol N2
28.02g N2
2mol N2H4 4.68mol N2 = 131g N2
mol N2
mol N2O4
2
2.00x10 g N2O4 = 2.17mol N2O4
92.02g N2O4
3 mol N2
2.17mol N2O4 = 6.51mol N2
mol N2O4
3-34
Figure3.9 The effect of side reactions on yield.
A +B C
(reactants) (main product)
D
(side products)
3-35
Sample Problem 3.11 Calculating Percent Yield
PROBLEM: Silicon carbide (SiC) is an important ceramic material that is

made by allowing sand(silicon dioxide, SiO2) to react with
powdered carbon at high temperature. Carbon monoxide is also
formed. When 100.0 kg of sand is processed, 51.4 kg of SiC is
recovered. What is the percent yield of SiC from this process?
PLAN: SOLUTION:
write balanced equation SiO2(s) + 3C(s) SiC(s) + 2CO(g)
103 g SiO2 mol SiO2

100.0 kg SiO2 = 1664 mol SiO2
find mol reactant & product kg SiO2 60.09 g SiO2
mol SiO2 = mol SiC = 1664

find g product predicted 40.10 g SiC kg
1664 mol SiC = 66.73 kg
actual yield/theoretical yield x 100 mol SiC 3
10 g
51.4 kg
percent yield x 100 =77.0%
66.73 kg
3-36
Sample Problem 3.12 Calculating the Molarity of a Solution
PROBLEM: Glycine (H2NCH2COOH) is the simplest amino acid. What is the

molarity of an aqueous solution that contains 0.715 mol of
glycine in 495 mL?
PLAN: Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
SOLUTION:
mol of glycine
divide by volume 0.715 mol glycine 1000mL
= 1.44 M glycine
concentration(mol/mL) glycine 495 mL soln 1L
103mL = 1L
molarity(mol/L) glycine
3-37
Figure3.10
MASS (g)
Summary of of compound
mass-mole-number-volume in solution
relationships in solution.
M (g/mol)
AMOUNT (mol)
of compound
in solution
Avogadros number M (g/mol)

(molecules/mol)
MOLECULES
(or formula units) VOLUME (L)
of compound of solution
in solution
3-38
Sample Problem 3.13 Calculating Mass of Solute in a Given Volume

of Solution
PROBLEM: A buffered solution maintains acidity as a reaction occurs. In
living cells phosphate ions play a key buffering role, so
biochemistry often study reactions in such solutions. How many
grams of solute are in 1.75 L of 0.460 M sodium monohydrogen
phosphate?
PLAN: Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Knowing the molarity and volume leaves us to find the # moles
and then the # of grams of solute. The formula for the solute is
Na2HPO4.
volume of soln
SOLUTION:
multiply by M
moles of solute 1.75 L 0.460 moles
= 0.805 mol Na2HPO4
multiply by M 1L
0.805 mol Na2HPO4 141.96 g Na2HPO4
grams of solute
mol Na2HPO4
= 114 g Na2HPO4
3-39
Figure3.11 Converting a concentrated solution to a dilute solution.
3-40
Sample Problem 3.14 Preparing a Dilute Solution from a Concentrated

Solution
PROBLEM: Isotonic saline is a 0.15 M aqueous solution of NaCl that

simulates the total concentration of ions found in many cellular
fluids. Its uses range from a cleaning rinse for contact lenses to
a washing medium for red blood cells. How would you prepare
0.80 L of isotomic saline from a 6.0 M stock solution?
PLAN: It is important to realize the number of moles of solute does not
change during the dilution but the volume does. The new
volume will be the sum of the two volumes, that is, the total final
volume.
MdilxVdil = #mol solute = MconcxVconc
volume of dilute soln
multiply by M of dilute solution SOLUTION:
moles of NaCl in dilute soln = mol NaCl 0.80 L soln 0.15 mol NaCl = 0.12 mol NaCl
in concentrated soln L soln
divide by M of concentrated soln 0.12 mol NaCl L solnconc = 0.020 L soln
L of concentrated soln 6 mol
3-41
Sample Problem 3.15 Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products for

a Reaction in Solution
PROBLEM: Specialized cells in the stomach release HCl to aid digestion. If

they release too much, the excess can be neutralized with
antacids. A common antacid contains magnesium hydroxide,
which reacts with the acid to form water and magnesium
chloride solution. As a government chemist testing commercial
antacids, you use 0.10M HCl to simulate the acid concentration
in the stomach. How many liters of stomach acid react with a
tablet containing 0.10g of magnesium hydroxide?
PLAN: Write a balanced equation for the reaction; find the grams of
Mg(OH)2; determine the mol ratio of reactants and products;
use mols to convert to molarity.
mass Mg(OH)2 L HCl
divide by M divide by M
mol Mg(OH)2 mol HCl
mol ratio
3-42
Sample Problem 3.15 Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products for

a Reaction in Solution
continued
SOLUTION: Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
mol Mg(OH)2
0.10g Mg(OH)2 = 1.7x10-3 mol Mg(OH)2
58.33g Mg(OH)2
2 mol HCl
-3
1.7x10 mol Mg(OH)2 = 3.4x10-3 mol HCl
1 mol Mg(OH)2
1L
3.4x10-3 mol HCl = 3.4x10-2 L HCl
0.10mol HCl
3-43
Sample Problem 3.16 Solving Limiting-Reactant Problems for Reactions

in Solution
PROBLEM: Mercury and its compounds have many uses, from fillings for
teeth (as an alloy with silver, copper, and tin) to the industrial
production of chlorine. Because of their toxicity, however,
soluble mercury compounds, such mercury(II) nitrate, must be
removed from industrial wastewater. One removal method
reacts the wastewater with sodium sulfide solution to produce
solid mercury(II) sulfide and sodium nitrate solution. In a
laboratory simulation, 0.050L of 0.010M mercury(II) nitrate
reacts with 0.020L of 0.10M sodium sulfide. How many grams of
mercury(II) sulfide form?
PLAN: As usual, write a balanced chemical reaction. Since this is a problem

concerning a limiting reactant, we proceed as we would for a limiting
reactant problem. Find the amount of product which would be made
from each reactant. Then choose the reactant that gives the lesser
amount of product.
3-44
Sample Problem 3.16 Solving Limiting-Reactant Problems for Reactions

in Solution
continued
SOLUTION: Hg(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq) HgS(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
L of Hg(NO3)2 0.050L Hg(NO3)2 0.020L Hg(NO3)2 L of Na2S
multiply by M x 0.010 mol/L x 0. 10 mol/L multiply by M
mol Hg(NO3)2 x 1mol HgS x 1mol HgS mol Na2S

mol ratio 1mol Hg(NO3)2 1mol Na2S mol ratio
mol HgS = 5.0x10-4 mol HgS = 2.0x10-3 mol HgS mol HgS
Hg(NO3)2 is the limiting reagent.
232.7g HgS
-4
5.0x10 mol HgS = 0.12g HgS
1 mol HgS
3-45

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Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations

Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems

3.1 The Mole

3.2 Determining the Formula of an Unknown Compound

3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

3.4 Calculating the Amounts of Reactant and Product

3.5 Fundamentals of Solution Stoichiometry

mole(mol) - the amount of a substance that contains the

This amount is 6.022x1023. The number is called

One mole (1 mol) contains 6.022x1023 entities (to four

Figure3.1 Counting objects of fixed relative mass.

12 red marbles @ 7g each = 84g

Information Contained in the Chemical Formula of Glucose

Moles of atoms/ 6 moles 12 moles 6 moles

Atoms/mole of 6(6.022 x 1023) 12(6.022 x 1023) 6(6.022 x 1023)

Mass/molecule 6(12.01 amu) 12(1.008 amu) 6(16.00 amu)

Interconverting Moles, Mass, and Number of Chemical Entities

PLAN: (a) To convert mol of Ag to g we have to use amount(mol) of Ag

PROBLEM: Ammonium carbonate is white solid that decomposes with

2.61x1023 formula units (NH4)2CO3

Mass percent from the chemical formula

atoms of X in formula x atomic mass of X (amu)

moles of X in formula x molar mass of X (amu)

Sample Problem 3.3 Calculating the Mass Percents and Masses of

PLAN: We have to find the total mass of

Sample Problem 3.3 Calculating the Mass Percents and Masses of

16.00 g O M = 180.16 g/mol

Empirical and Molecular Formulas

The simplest formula for a compound that agrees with

The formula of the compound as it exists, it may be a

Sample Problem 3.4 Determining the Empirical Formula from Masses

PROBLEM: Elemental analysis of a sample of an ionic compound showed

Sample Problem 3.5 Determining a Molecular Formula from Elemental

(b) Determine the molecular formula.

amount(mol) of each element molecular formula

Sample Problem 3.5 Determining a Molecular Formula from Elemental

40.0 g C mol C 6.71 g H mol H 53.3 g O mol O

3.33 mol C 6.66 mol H 3.33 mol O

C3.33 H6.66 O3.33

molar mass of lactate 90.08 g

Figure3.5 Combustion apparatus for determining formulas

Sample Problem 3.6 Determining a Molecular Formula from Combustion

PROBLEM: Vitamin C (M=176.12g/mol) is a compound of C,H, and O

find the mass of each element in its combustion product

preliminary empirical molecular

Sample Problem 3.6 Determining a Molecular Formula from Combustion

CO2 85.35 g-83.85 g = 1.50 g H2O 37.96 g-37.55 g = 0.41 g

There are 12.01 g C per mol CO2 12.01 g CO2

There are 2.016 g H per mol H2O. 0.41 g H O 2.016 g H2O

0.409 g C 0.046 g H 0.545 g O

C1H1.3O1 C3H4O3 176.12 g/mol

Table 3.2 Constitutional Isomers of C2H6O

Property Ethanol Dimethyl Ether

M(g/mol) 46.07 46.07

Boiling Point 78.50C -250C

Density at 200C 0.789 g/mL 0.00195 g/mL

The formation of HF gas on the macroscopic and molecular levels.

Figure3.7 A three-level view of the chemical reaction in a flashbulb.

translate the statement

balance the atoms

adjust the coefficients

check the atom balance