CRIM Forensic Chemistry ToxicologyGY

FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
& TOXICOLOGY
Forensic Chemistry Defined
Forensic Chemistry that branch of chemistry
which deals with the application of chemical
principles in the solution of problems that arise
in connection with the administration of
justices. It is chemistry applied in the
elucidation of legal problems.
2 www.criminologyreviewer.weebly.co
m
Scope of Forensic Chemistry
Forensic chemistry is not limited to purely
chemical questions involved in legal
proceedings. It has invaded other branches of
forensic sciences such as but not limited to the
following:
Legal Medicine
Ballistics
Questioned Document Examination
Dactyloscopy
Photography
m
Four Stages in the Practice of Forensic
Chemistry
1. Collection or reception of specimen to be
examined;
a. Sufficiency of samples
b. Standard for comparison
c. Maintenance of individuality
d. Labeling and sealing
2. The actual examination;
3. The communication of results of
examination; and
4. Court appearance
m
Six Golden Rules in the Practice of Forensic
Chemistry
1. Go slowly
2. Be thorough
3. Take notes
4. Consult others
5. Use Imagination
6. Avoid complicated theories
m
Blood and Blood Stains
1. As circumstantial or corroborative evidence
against or in favor of the perpetrator
2. For disputed parentage
3. Determination of the cause of death the
length of time the victim survived the attack.
4. Determination of the direction of escape of
the victim or the assailant.
5. Determination of the origin of the flow of
blood.
6. Determination of the approximate time the
crime was committed.
m
Some Characteristics of Blood
1. The circulating tissue of the body
2. 1 cc of blood: 5,000,000 red cells.
3. Man of average size: about 6 quarts of
blood
4. Made up of FORMED ELEMENTS {a. RBC
(Erythrocytes) b. WBC (Leucocytes) c.
PLATELETS (Thrombocytes)} and PLASMA
(liquid portion of blood; composing about
65% of the total blood volume)
5. Serum a straw-yellowish liquid that can be
seen when blood is allowed to clot.
m
Problems in the Study of Blood
A. Where blood has to be searched for.
B. Collection, preservation and transportation
of specimen suspected to contain blood.
C. Does the stain contain blood or another
substance?
a. Preliminary Test (a.k.a.: Presumptive or Color
Test) a positive result is not conclusive that
the stain is blood but a negative result is
conclusive that the stain is not blood. REASON:
Other substances may yield the same reaction
as blood. This includes: sputum, nasal
secretion, plant juices, formalin, etc.
m
1. Benzidine Test: Benzidine Solution & Hydrogen
Peroxide (agua oxigenada). A positive reaction is
indicated by BLUE COLOR
2. Guaiacum Test (Van Deens, Days or Schonbeins
Test) Guaiac & Hydrogen Peroxide. A positive
reaction is indicated by BLUE COLOR
3. Phenolphthalein Test (Kastle-Meyer Test)
Phenolphthalein reagent and Hydrogen Peroxide. A
positive reaction is indicated by RED/PINK COLOR.
4. Leucomalachite Green Test Leucomalachite Green
Reagent & Hydrogen Peroxide. A positive reaction
is indicated by MALACHITE GREEN WITH A BLUISH-
GREEN OR PEACOCK BLUE COLOR.
m
5. Hemastix Test designed as a urine dipstick test
for blood, the strip can be moistened with distilled
water and placed in contact with a suspect
bloodstain. A positive reaction is indicated by
GREEN COLOR.
6. Luminol Test its reaction with blood results in the
production of light rather than color. By spraying
luminal reagent onto a suspect item, large areas
can be quickly screened for the presence of
bloodstains.
m
b. Confirmatory Tests The actual proof that a
stain is blood consists in establishing the
presence of characteristic blood pigment,
hemoglobin or one of its derivatives. The 3
Confirmatory Tests commonly employed are
Teichmann, Takayama and Wagenhaar Tests.
They are designed to show the presence of
hemoglobin in a suspected bloodstain by the
appearance of specific crystals observed
under a microscope.
m
1. Teichmann or Haemin Crystal Test DARK BROWN RHOMBIC
CRYSTALS OF HAEMIN OR HAEMATIN CHLORIDE (arranged
singly or in clusters).
2. Takayama or Haemochromogen Crystal Test LARGE RHOMBIC
CRYSTALS OF A SALMON-PINK COLOR (arranged in clusters,
sheaves and other forms appear within one to six minutes).
3. Wagenhaar Test or Acetone-Haematin Small dark, circular
crystals
4. Spectroscopic Examination Most delicate and reliable test for
presence of blood in both old and recent stains. Uses
MICROSPECTROSCOPE: a direct vision spectroscope that fits
into the microscope tube in place of the eyepiece. Positive
result: OXYHAEMOGLOBIN for recent blood stain;
METHAEMOGLOBIN (a converted oxyhaemoglobin owing to
exposure to air and light) in old blood stains.
m
D. If the stain is that of blood, is it human or animal?
E. - Precipitin Test (human antiserum) The
formation of gray precipitation ring at the
interface of the two layers within 20 minutes
indicates that the stain is human blood.
F. If the stain is of human blood, did it come from
the victim, the accused or from other persons?
This is determined by blood grouping. A-B-O

system, which was discovered by Karl
Landsteiner in early 1900s, was the first system
of blood grouping.
m
Summary of the Common
Blood Group System
Blood Group Agglutinogen in Agglutinin in

RBC Serum
A A Anti-B
B B Anti-A
AB A&B None
O O Anti- A and Anti-B
m
Other Bodily Fluids
It has been found that some individuals
secrete in their fluids such as: semen, saliva,
urine and vaginal fluids and substances,
corresponding to their blood groups. Therefore,
it is possible to determine the ABO blood group
of suspected stains of body fluids from the
secretors.
m
SEMEN
Semen refers to the fluid produced by the
male sex organ. It is usually white to yellowish
in color, consisting of 2 parts: the seminal
plasma or fluid, and the spermatozoa or sperm
cells. There are usually 70,000,000 to
150,000,000 sperm cells per milliliter of semen.
m
The sperm cells, as seen under a microscope,
consist of a head, a neck and a tail approx. 10 X
as long as the head. During deterioration the
bacteria attacks first the tail, making
identification difficult.
The seminal fluid contains certain substances
called flavins which help give a yellowish color
to semen and cause it to fluoresce under ultra-
violet lights.
m
Examination of Semen
A. Wet Specimen
Normally, suspected semen may be found

undried having the alkaline odor
characteristics for seminal fluid. In this
condition, examination is relatively simple. A
drop of fluid (of semen) is paced on a glass
slide, and then a drop of distilled water is
added. A cover slip is placed over the
preparation. The specimen is examined under
a high power microscope to determine the
presence of sperm cells.
m
B. Dried Specimen
1. Physical Examination
A general visual examination for grayish-
white or yellowish stain is first made. When dry,
semen imparts a starchy stiffness to cloth.
When inspected under UV light, seminal stain
fluoresces. However, this fluorescence is not
specific for semen only but may be observed
from other materials.
m
2. Chemical Examination
There are 3 chemical tests that can be used

for seminal stains. They are the following:
Florence Test Dark-brown crystals, rhombic
or needle-shaped.
Barberios Test Slender yellow-tinted
rhomboid needles with obtuse angles.
Acid Phosphate Test Orange-red pigment.
m
The first 2 are based on the formation of
characteristic crystals that are observed under
the microscope. Acid phosphatase is an enzyme
found in both animal and plant cells, but in
large concentrations in human semen.
REAGENT: Sodium alphanaphthylphosphate and
fast blue B dye.
m
3. Microscopic Examination
The only specific test for semen is the

identification of a sperm cell under a
microscope. There are many factors which
may affect the detection of sperm cells,
making this method difficult. Some of these
are nature of cloth in which the suspected
stain is found, age of stain, condition to
which the stain was exposed and handling of
the specimen.
m
The presence of sperm cells proves that the
stain is of semen. However, with the absence of
sperm cells it cannot be concluded that the
stain is not of seminal origin. These are some
conditions which may lead to non-detection of
semen, like ASPERMIA, disorder produced by
male organ which produces semen without
sperm cells and OLIGOSPERMIA, a semen with a
very few sperm cells.
m
GUNPOWDER & EXPLOSIVES
I. Introduction
In the investigation of crimes involving the use
of firearms, law enforcement officers need to
know whether a suspect has fired a gun or not
and the gunshot range or the approx. distance
of the shooter to victim. When a firearm is
discharged unburned particles of the
gunpowder may escape thru the breech of the
gun and deposit on the hands of the shooter,
on the clothing of the victim and some may
remain in the barrel. These gunpowder residues
can be detected by chemical examination.
m
In connection with suspected bombings the
lab is requested to detect traces of explosives
that may be found in remains of parts of a
bomb. Explosives like improvised and
manufactured dynamites used in illegal fishing,
are also examined.
m
II. Description of Gunpowder and Other
Explosives
A. Gunpowder
1. Black powder first invented; consist of a
mixture of carbon (charcoal) 15%, sulfur
10%, & potassium or sodium nitrate 75%.;
and
2. Smokeless which can be either single based;
consisting of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine
(glycerol nitrate). Certain inorganic and organic
compounds are added as stabilizers.
m
B. Types of Explosives
1. Mechanical such as those caused by
expansion of gas producing high pressure
beyond capacity of the container.
2. Atomic resulting from atomic transformations.
3. Chemical produced thru the extremely rapid
transformations of the unstable substances
accompanied by the formation of heat.
m
C. Classification of Explosives
The speed of the chemical reaction or detonation
of the explosives determines the classification of
explosives as low, initiating or high explosives.
1. LOW explosives are low burning and are used
mainly as propellants, like black powder and
smokeless powder. Atomic resulting from
atomic transformations.
2. PRIMARY or INITIATING explosives are
extremely sensitive to detonation by heat,
shock friction and impact. They detonate
without burning, like lead oxide and mercury
fulminate.
m
3. HIGH explosives detonate under the influence
of shock of the explosion of a primary
explosive.
Ammonium nitrate the cheapest and most
readily available salt of nitric acid.
TNT (trinitrotoluene) the most widely used
explosive.
Nitroglycerine most widely used commercial
explosive.
m
RDX considered as one of the most
important military explosive used today.
C4 a plastic explosive which is white and
dough like in texture.
Chloroacetophenone CN is the principal
component in the filler used in tear gas
solutions.
m
4. Fire Bombs Molotov cocktail which is an
incendiary device, acids mixed with gasoline,
alcohol and gasoline, etc.
m
C. Distance Determination
The process of determining the distance between
the firearm and a target, usually based on the
distribution of powder patterns or the spread of a
shot pattern.
Three Zones of Distance:

a. Those in which the muzzle of the gun was
held directly in contact with the body or
practically so. (CONTACT WOUNDS).
b. Those in which the muzzle of the gun was held from
about 2 inches to 36 inches away.
c. Those in which the muzzle of the gun was held from 36
inches or more.
m
CONTACT WOUNDS Damage (on cloth)
is due more to the flame and the muzzle
blast than to the penetration of the bullet.
a. Gaping hole where fabric is badly torn,
b. Blackened area surrounding the bullet
hole,
c. Singeing of the fibers at the entrance, and
d. Presence of partially burned powder
residues around the entrance hole.
m
Distance of 2 to 36 Inches:
Smudging and powder tattooing
when the gun is held from about 2
inches to a maximum of 8 inches.
Smoke & soot is deposited around the
hole of entrance producing a dirty,
grimy appearance. Individual specks of
tattooing around the hole are visible
with the naked eye.
m
Distance of 36 Inches: partially burned and
unburned powder particles are driven into
the surface around the gunshot hole
producing a black coarsely peppered
pattern called tattooing.
Indication of Suicide or Homicide The
kick of the gun causes the smudge and
powder tattooing to be deposited more on
one side of the hole than on the other, and
the side of the greatest deposit indicates
the side on which the sights of the gun
were mounted.
m
Distance of More than 36 Inches
powder tattooing is seldom seen.
Nitrate particles may be present.
m
PARAFFIN-DIPHENYLAMINE TEST
To determine whether a person has fired a
gun, the paraffin-diphenylamine test is used.
The basis of this test is the presence of nitrates
in the gunpowder residue. Warm melted-
paraffin wax applied on the hands of the
shooter will cause the pores of the skin to open
and exude the particles of the gunpowder
residue. These particles are collected by the
paraffin cast and will appear as BLUE SPECKS,
when the diphenylamine reagent is added on
the cast. The specks are generally located on
the area of the thumb and forefingers.
m
The blue colors that appear indicate the
reaction of the nitrates with diphenylamine
reagent. Thus nitrate from other sources like
fertilizers, will give the same reaction. Other
substances similar to nitrates known as
oxidizers will also react with the reagent in the
same way. Thus, the location, distribution and
character of the specks are considered to
eliminate the other possible sources of
oxidizers.
m
The FBI employed Neutron-Activation
Analysis which is a more specific test. This
requires access to a nuclear reactor and
facilities for detecting the radiation.
m
NOTE: The result of this test is not conclusive
because it does not always show that nitrates
or nitrites were necessary results of discharge
of firearms. Other substances yield the same
positive reaction for nitrates or nitrites, such as
explosives, fireworks, pharmaceuticals, and
leguminous plants such as peas, beans, and
alfalfa. (People v. Baconguis, 417 SCRA 66,
December 2, 2003)
m
HAIR IDENTIFICATION
1. Hair An appendage of the skin which
occurs everywhere on the human body
except on the palms of the hand and soles of
feet. Generally long & stiff. Consists of
ROOT, SHAFT & TIP.
2. Cuticle the outmost covering and consists
of one layer of non-nucleated polygonal cells
which overlap like the scales of a fish; the
free edges of the cells are directed toward
the distal end of the hair.
m
3. Cortex the intermediate and the thickest
layer of the shaft, and is composed of
elongated, spindle-shaped fibrils which
cohere; they contain pigment granules in
varying proportions depending on a type of
the hair.
4. Medulla the central canal of the hair; it
may be empty or may contain various sorts
of cells, more or less pigmented.
m
5. Continuous Medulla found in a large
number of animals
6. Interrupted Medulla very often in humans,
monkeys, and horses.
7. Micrometer an instrument attached to
microscope and is used to measure the
diameter of the hair.
8. Medullary Index - the ratio of the size of the
medulla to the diameter of a shaft.
9. Fuzz Generally short, fine and at times
curly and wooly.
m
Human vs Animal Hair
Human Animal
Air network in fine Medulla Air network in form of
grains. large or small sacks.
Cells invisible without Cells easily visible

treatment in water.
Value of medullary Value of medullary

index is lower than index is higher than
0.5 0.5
m
Human vs Animal Hair
Human Animal
Fuzz without medulla. Cortex Fuzz with medulla.

Looks like a thick muff Looks like a fairly thin
hollow cylinder

Pigment in the form Pigments in the form
of very fine grains. of irregular grains
larger than the
human
m
FIBER IDENTIFICATION
Types of Fibers
a.Animal A number of fibers are derived from
animal product, the most important being wool,
silk, camels hair and fur.
b.Vegetable This class includes most of the
inexpensive clothing fibers, like cotton, linen,
jute, hemp, ramie and sisal.
c.Mineral and Synthetics First provide useful
fibers like glass wool and asbestos which is
used for safe insulation, while the latter is
applied chemistry which produced a number of
fibers like rayon, nylon, orlon and Dacron.
m
1. Cotton Fibers Flattened, twisted fibers with
thickened edges. Irregularly granulated
cuticle. No transverse markings. Fibers show
spiral twist. Fibers swell in a solution of
copper sulphate and sodium carbonate
dissolved in ammonia. It is insoluble in strong
sodium hydroxide but soluble in strong
sulfuric acid and partially dissolved in hot
strong hydrochloric acid.
m
2. Flax Fibers Apex tapering to fine point.
Transverse sections are polygonal and show
a small cavity. The fibers consist of cellulose
and give blue or bluish-red color when
treated with a weak solution of potassium
iodide saturated in iodine and sulfuric acid.
The fibers which show transverse lines and
are usually seen in group formation, dissolve
in a solution composed of copper sulphate
and sodium carbonate in ammonia.
m
3. Hemp Fibers Fibers show transverse lines
and consist of cellulose. Large oval cavities
are seen in transverse sections. The end is
usually blunt, and there is often a tuft of hair
at the knots. Stains are bluish-red with
phloroglucin, and yellow with both aniline
sulphate and weak solution of potassium
iodide saturated in iodine with sulfuric acid.
m
4. Jute Fibers Are quite smooth without either
longitudinal or transverse markings. The
fibers have typical large cavities which are
not uniform but vary with the degree of
contraction of the walls of the fibers which
are lignified. The ends are blunt. The fibers
are stained red with aniline sulphate, also
with iodine and sulfuric acid.
m
5. Wool Fibers These fibers can easily be
distinguished from vegetable fibers since the
former show an outer layer of flattened cells
and imbricated margins. The interiors are
composed of fibrous tissues but sometimes
the medulla is present. They do not dissolve
in a solution composed of copper sulphate,
sodium carbonate and ammonia. Stain is
yellow with iodine and sulfuric acid and also
with picric acid. Do not dissolve in sulfuric
acid. Smell of singeing on burning.
m
6. Silk Fibers Manufactured silk is almost
structureless, microscopically. Fibers stain is
brown with iodine and sulfuric acid and
yellow with picric acid. They dissolve slowly
in a mixture of copper sulphate, sodium
carbonate and ammonia.
m
7. Linen Fibers Fibers are straight and
tapering to a point. Cortical area shows
transverse lines which frequently intersects,
simulating a jointed appearance. The
medullary region shows a thin dense line.
They do not dissolve in concentrated sulfuric
acid. If placed in 1% alcoholic solution of
fuchsin and then in a solution of ammonium
hydroxide, they assume a bright red color.
m
Vegetable Vs. Animal Fibers
Test Vegetable Animal
Ignition Test Rapid combustion, Burn and fuse; smell
end charred and of burnt hair, fused
break sharply; smell and globular; fume
of burning wood; turns red litmus to
vapor turns blue blue.
litmus red.
Chemical Tests
Concentrated Nitric No change in color Turn yellow
Acid
Picric Acid Test Cellulose No change Wool and Silk Yellow
Millions Reagent Test Cellulose Fibers Turn Wool and Silk Turn
Black Brown
Soaked in Tannic Acid Cellulose Fibers - Wool and Silk No
Heated with 10% Cellulose
Black Not Wool and Silk
Change
NaOH Affected Dissolve
m
EXAMINATION OF PAPER
Objectives of Comparison with Paper Standards:
a.To determine whether the standard is similar
to the paper bearing the questioned writing.
b.To determine whether a sheet of paper was
taken from a particular pad or tablet.
c.To show that one document was in contact
with another.
m
Standards for Comparison
At least five sheets should be submitted

for comparison. Each sheet should be identified
by writing appropriate case information on the
back. In addition there should be included any
appropriate information concerning the
circumstances surrounding the discovery or
location of the sheets.
m
Examination by Lab
a.Physical Test The following physical characteristics
serve to differentiate paper: thickness, measurement
of length and width; weight per unit area; color;
finish such as bond, laid, smooth or glossy; opacity,
capacity of the paper for the transmission of light;
folding endurance as determined by instrumentality
by the number of alternate folds the paper will stand
before breaking; bursting strength as determined by
the measurement of the pressure necessary to burst
a hole in a sheet of the paper; accelerated aging test
performed by means of high temperatures or strong
artificial light.
m
b. Chemical Test Chemical test may be
conducted to determine the fiber
composition, loading materials, and sizing
used in the manufacture of the paper. The
use of the chemical test causes a small
change or alteration in the document; hence,
extensive testing may consume a part of the
evidence, and the investigator should
indicate to the expert the degree to which
the testing may be carried.
m
1. Sizing Test
By the use of the few drops of chemical

reagent, the sizing of two different
specimens of paper can be compared. A
small perceptible stain results from these
tests.
m
2. Loading Materials
The test is performed by burning and

ashing the greater part of an ordinary sheet
of paper, then analyzing the ash. Obviously,
where only a limited sample of evidence is
available, this test is not recommended.
m
3. Fiber Composition
Chemical reagents are applied to small

sections of the paper in order to determine
the nature of constituents of fibers.
m
4. Absorption
Strips of the paper are suspended in

liquids to determine either the rate of
absorption or the total absorption of the
paper.
m
c. Watermark The chief characteristics
indicating the source or origin of paper is
watermark. It is distinctive mark or design
placed in the paper at the time of its
manufacture by passing the paper under
a DANDY ROLL. Several designs are present
on the dandy roll, similar to each other, but
bearing individual characteristics, particularly if
the roll has been subjected to wear or damage.
By examining the watermarks, the examiner is
able to identify the paper as to the product of a
particular manufacturer.
m
THE INKS AND APPROXIMATE
AGE OF DOCUMENTS
Types of Inks
a. Iron Gallotannate Ink This type of ink has
long been used for entries in record books and
for business purposes in general. Iron
gallotannate or nutgall inks are true solutions
and not merely suspensions of solid coloring
matter in liquid form. Hence, the ink is capable
of penetration into the interstices of the fibers
of the paper, thereby inscribing the writing in
the body of the paper and not on the surface
alone, thus rendering its removal more
difficult.
m
b. Logwood Inks From the wood of the
logwood tree, a natural coloring material
(haemotoxylin) is obtained by extraction
with water. The color of logwood inks
depends upon the inorganic salt which is
added; but, on drying and standing, they
turn black. The addition of chromium salts
will yield the deepest black. At the present
time logwood inks are practically obsolete,
although they are reported to be still in use
in Germany.
m
c. Nigrosin Ink This is a water solution of a
synthetic black compound prepared from
aniline and nitrobenzene. This synthetic
type of ink is usually referred to as Nigrosin
Ink and Black Aniline Ink. No new compound
is formed by oxidation after this ink applied
to the paper, so that lines are merely
deposited organic solids that were in solution
before the ink dried. It should be expected
then, that water would affect this ink by re-
dissolving the Nigrosin.
m
e. Ball Point Ink Because of the differences
in construction of ball point pens, a different
type of ink is required. In place of the fluid
type ink, a thick pasty substance is used
which will be a suitable dye to the ball point
but which will not flow readily. The
permanency of this ink is not known with any
accuracy. It has been noted that many ball
point inks have a tendency to fade.
m
Comparison of Inks
To determine whether two documents were

written with the same type of ink, various
physical and chemical methods are available.
The inks are compared visually for color. The
naked eye, color filters, and infra-red
photography usually reveal differences in color.
A 5% solution of hydrochloric acid is the most
generally used chemical reagent. The reagent
may be applied with a sharpened wooden
toothpick to a small area of writing.
m
Comparison of Inks
When hydrochloric acid is placed on iron nutgall

ink, the color disappears and turns to light blue;
on logwood ink a red color develops; on Nigrosin
or carbon ink there is no reaction. To distinguish
Nigrosin from carbon ink, a 10% solution of
sodium hypochlorite is used. It should be noted
that these reactions sometimes take place over a
period of hours. The investigator should test inks
only as a screening procedure where a number of
suspected documents are available.
m
Age of Inks
It may be said, in general, that under

ordinary circumstances it is practically
impossible to determine the age of inks. A limit
can sometimes be placed to the age by the
color matching with standards to determine the
degree of fading and by chemical reactions
which depend on oxidation.
m
Age of Inks
The chemical methods are not applicable to

Nigrosine and carbon inks, which are not
oxidized after being deposited on the paper. In
any case, age determination will depend on the
composition of the inks, its condition with
respect to fluidity and impurities, the nature of
the paper used in the writing, and the
conditions under which the paper was
preserved.
m
GLASS FRACTURES
Definition and Composition of Glass
Glass is best described as a supercooled

liquid which possesses high viscosity and,
hence, rigidity.
Glass is usually composed of oxides such
as silica (SiO2), boric oxide (B2O3) and
phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5).
m
Types of Glass Fractures
a. Radial Fracture primary fracture

resembles the spokes of a wheel radiating
outward from the point of impact.
b. Concentric Fracture secondary
fracture having the appearance of circles
around the point of impact connecting
one radiating crack to the other, thus
forming triangular pieces of glass.
m
From the study of these two types of
fractures (impact) it is possible to derive the
following:
1.Point of Impact The front of the glass can

be determined due to the accumulation of dust
and dirt on the glass.
m
2. Direction of Impact a bullet will make a
clear cut hole in the side of the entrance
rather than on the exit side. If a shot is fired
perpendicularly it will give a crater of
uniform cratings, or flakings. If the shot is
fired at an angle from the right, the left exit
side of the glass will give more flakings and
vice versa. Depression will be produced on
the exit side of the glass due to the rebound
of the glass. Radial fracture can be felt on
the exit side and the concentric fracture on
the entrance side.
m
3. Cause of Fracture Fracture due to heat does not
exhibit a definite pattern of radial and concentric
fractures but are characteristically wavy. They
show very little stress lines, whereas fractures
due to mechanical means show a definite pattern
of radial and concentric fractures.
Determination of the First Shot from a Series of Shots
The radial fracture of the first bullet hole will

end/stop the radial fractures of the succeeding
bullet holes.
m
Origin of Glass
Comparing fracture pattern is one method

for instance in determining if glass fragments
found on a suspects clothing came from a
window at the scene of a burglary. In the
analysis of fracture patterns the investigator
must consider three dimensional aspects of the
evidence. For example, a headlight has a clearly
pronounced curved inner surface that may
match even if the outer surfaces are broken.
m
The analysis of ream marks is related to
fracture pattern comparison. Ream marks are
present, but not readily visible in drawn glass
samples. These ream marks resemble tool
marks striations.
m
MOULAGE AND OTHER
CASTING TECHNIQUES
Criteria of a Good Casting Material
1. Must be readily fluid or plastic when applied.

2. Must harden rapidly to a rigid mass
3. Must be deformable nor shrink
4. Must be tough
5. Must be easy to apply
6. Must have no tendency to adhere to the impression
7. Should have a fine even composition and surface
8. Should not injure the impression
9. Should be easily obtainable
10.Should be cheap
m
The commonly used casting material in the
Philippines is plaster of paris. In the U.S., plaster
of paris is no longer used. Some of the
materials used there are: MikrosilTM , Shoe Print
Wax TM, silicon, Bio-Foam, etc., depending on
the manufacturing company.
m
Some Techniques in Connection with the Used
of Plaster of Paris
1.Hastening add teaspoonful of table salt to

the plaster
2.Retarding add 1 part of a saturated solution
of borax to 10 parts of water to be used in
making the plaster. One teaspoonful of sugar
may also be used.
3.Hardening soak in sodium bicarbonate
m
Cast of Human Body
1.Negocoll this is a rubbery gelatinous
material made of colloidal and magnesium
soaps.
2.Hominit a flesh colored resinous substance
used for making positives from negocoll
negatives.
3.Celerit a brown colored substance used for
backing and strengthening the hominit.
m
CHEMICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF LATENT FINGERPRINTS
Classification of Crime Scene Prints:
1.Visible print a print that results after a finger,

which has previously touched contaminants as
blood, grease or ink touched a clean surface.
2.Plastic print a print that results when a finger
touches a plastic material such as wax, soap, or
dust, and creates a negative impression of its
ridge pattern.
3.Invisible print latent print
m
Locating visible or plastic prints at the crime
scene normally presents little problem to the
investigator, because these prints are usually
distinct and visible to the eye. Latent prints, on
the other hand, are difficult to locate. They can
only be seen after the surface on which they are
imprinted has been treated with powders or
chemicals.
m
In developing latent prints, the investigator is
influenced by the kind of surface that is being
examined in choosing a developing method. For
example, prints on porous evidence such as
paper, unfinished wood, cardboard, etc. are
normally developed by treatment with a
chemical. On the other hand, prints on
nonporous evidence such as plastic, glass,
metal, foil, etc., are either developed by
powdering method or super glue fuming
method.
m
1. Powdering Method commonly used materials
are black and gray powder.
2. Iodine Fuming vapors of iodine are brown in
color and differentially absorb into the debris
forming the print, causing the ridge detail to
stand out.
3. Silver Nitrate the process employs a 0.2 %
solution of silver nitrate in distilled water that is
used to spray on or saturate the paper,
producing silver chloride only in the ridge areas.
The paper is exposed to light, and the print turns
black.
4. Ninhydrin develops prints on porous surfaces
in violet color.
5. Super Glue develops prints on nonporous
surfaces in white color.
m
METALLURGY AS APPLIED
TO CRIME DETECTION
Definition:
1.Metallurgy the art of extracting and

working in metals by the application of chemical
and physical knowledge.
2.Metallography the branch of metallurgy
which involves the study of the microstructures
of metals and alloys.
m
Application of Metallurgy in Criminal
Investigation
1.Robbery (with force upon things) where

entrance is by breaking doors with the use of
metallic tools. Traces of these tools can be
examined under a metallographic microscope.
2.Hit and run cases
3.Bomb and explosion
4.Nail examination
5.Counterfeit coins
6.Restoration of serial numbers
m
Restoration of Serial Numbers: Principles Behind
When a number or any mark is stamped

on metal, the crystalline structure of the metal
in the neighborhood of the stamp is disturbed.
This disturbance penetrates to an appreciable
distance into the substance of the metal, but is
not visible to the naked eye once the actual
indentations caused by the punch have been
removed.
m
Restoration of Serial Numbers: Principles Behind
However, when etching fluids are applied to this

surface, the disturbed or strained particles of the
metal differ in the rate of solubility than those of the
undisturbed particles and this difference in solubility
makes it possible, in many cases, to restore the
numbers to such an extent that they can be read and
photographed. In most cases, the criminal restamps
the gun with new numbers after filing off the old
numbers. By the process of etching, it is found
possible to render the original numbers visible.
m
1. Cast iron and cast steel a 10% solution of
sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate.
2. Wrought iron and forged irons and steels
a. Solution 1: Hydrochloric acid, 80 cc; water,
60 cc., copper chloride, 12.9 gm, alcohol,
50 cc.
b. Solution 2: 15% nitric acid.
3. METHOD: Apply with a swab a little of the acid
copper chloride solution (solution 1). Dry with
cotton and then apply solution 2. Alternate
the swabbing until the numbers appear.
m
4. Aluminum Glycerine, 30 cc., hydrofluoric
acid, 20 cc., nitric acid, 10 cc. Due to the
dangerous nature of hydrofluoric acid, only
experienced chemists should use the
solution. An alternate and safer formula is
made as follows: Copper chloride, 200 gm.,
hydrocholoric acid, 5 cc., and water 1000 cc.
This reagent gives good results but almost
as soon as it is applied, a copper deposit is
formed. The copper deposit must be
removed as it forms by means of water.
m
5. Copper, brass, German silver, and other
copper alloys Ferric chloride, 19 gm,
hydrochloric acid, 6 cc., and water, 100 cc.
Since the reagent is slow in its action, it is
recommended that retaining wall method
should be employed. The reagent can remain
for 24 hours.
6. Stainless steel Use dilute sulfuric acid or
10% hydrochloric acid in alcohol.
7. Lead (Motor car batteries, etc.) Glacial
acetic acid, 3 parts, hydrogen peroxide, 1
part.
m
8. Zinc 10% sodium hydroxide solution. The
retaining wall method is recommended.
9. German silver Ferric chloride syrupy solution,
25% concentrated hydrochloric acid, 25%, and
water 50%.
10. Tin 10% hydrochloric acid.
11. Silver Concentrated nitric acid solution.
12. Gold and platinum Aqua regia.
13. Wood Erased numbers and figures on wood can
also be treated and excellent results have been
obtained by subjecting the suspected areas to a
jet of steam. Liquid that is SYRUPY is sweet or
thick like syrup; a SYRUPY quality of behavior is
sentimental in an irritating way.
m
PETROGRAPHY AS APPLIED
TO CRIME DETECTION
Petrography is that branch of geology which
deals with the systematic classification and
identification of rocks, rock forming minerals,
and soils. This definition has been construed to
cover not only the study of soils and other
mineral substances, but also dust and dirt, safe
insulations, ceramics, and other such materials,
both natural and artificial.
m
Soil
Soil as evidence has been overlooked by

most investigators probably because it is such a
commonplace substance is more or less taken
fro granted. Researchers have shown that soils
are greatly diversified and vary considerably
over the surface of the earth, not only from
widely separated points but also from points
quite close together.
m
1. Alluvial Soil its particles may be derived
from almost infinite number of sources, and
since the action of water and wind would in a
few cases be identical over long periods of
time in different spots, great variations in
composition would be expected.
2. Colluvial Soil soil in which some movement
and intermingling of parts has occurred
would be expected to be less variable.
3. Sedentary Soil least variable
m
Constituents of Soil
a. Primary Minerals undecomposed rock

fragments ranging from stones down thru
pebbles, sand, and silt.
b. Clay Minerals may be found in nearly all soils
and is the major constituent of most heavy soils.
It imparts to a soil cohesiveness and plasticity,
and becomes hard and adherent on heating.
c. Organic Constituents organic matter is one of
the most variable of all soil constituents and is of
peculiar importance in the identification of soils.
m
Dust and Dirt
Dust and dirt has been described as matter

in the wrong place.
Classification of Dust
1. Dust deposited from the air

2. Road and footpath dusts
3. Industrial Dusts
4. Occupational Dusts
m
ARSON
The Technical Aspect of Arson Cases
A.Burning or combustion is the rapid oxidation of

substances accompanied by the generations of heat
and light. Burning occurs only when three essential
ingredients are present: FUEL, OXYGEN & HEAT.
Obviously, to create a fire three must be present
combustible materials. It may be solid, liquid or gas.
Strictly speaking, only gases burn. The solids and
liquids must be heated to liberate flammable gases.
The gases in turn must be raised to the proper
temperature of the fuel to the kindling point. Finally,
there must be a supply of oxygen since burning is a
process of oxidation. Oxygen may be supplied from the
air or from oxidizing agents.
m
B. Without fuel; the elimination or exclusion of
oxygen; or when the heat is sufficiently low
enough is not capable of maintaining the
process of combustion; burning will be
extinguished.
m
The Triangle of Fire
Fuel, heat and oxygen are known as the fire

triangle. All three must be present in order for
them to produce fire. Solids and liquids do not
burn, only gases burn. It is heat that converts
solids and liquids to flammable gases. In the case
of gasoline and other volatile liquids, the surface
of the liquid is constantly liberating flammable
gases. It is only these gases that burn.
NOTE: For burning to continue, there must be the
fourth element, i.e., uninhibited chain reaction.
m
Other Factors Involved in Burning
a.When a combustible material ignites, combustion

continues only as long as the heat remains above the
ignition temperature. The heat may com from external
source or more commonly from the burning material.
The temperature at which the ignition takes place
depends on the materials and the length of time that it
is exposed to a temperature higher than the normal
temperature of material. While phosphorous ignites
when exposed to air at normal room temperature, most
combustible ignites within a short time when exposed to
temperature of 400oF to 750oF. Wood must be heated
rapidly to 750oF before it ignites; when exposed to
temperature of 350oF to 400oF for a period of 30
minutes, however, wood produces gases that are easily
ignited when sufficient oxygen is present.
m
b. Many Oxidizing agents are employed in industry
and agriculture. For example, concentrated nitric
acid is used commonly throughout the country
and can cause combustion when it contacts with
a sawdust or wood shavings. Potassium
permanganate, common oxidizer used in the
laboratories and in compounding medicine and
other formulae is harmless, however, when it
comes in contact with glycerin, a reaction occurs
that may cause combustion. Potassium nitrate
(saltpeter), the oxidizer in black powder, is
harmless unless heated; a violent reaction occurs
if heat is present. Ordinary gasoline may be
solidified by the addition of aluminum stanate.
m
Propagation of Burning
A. CONDUCTION the transmission of heat thru

a medium. Heat that is conducted is
transferred from molecule to molecule. For
example, heat applied to one end of an iron
rod spread throughout the entire rod iron. In
a similar manner, walls and floors may
conduct heat from a burning portion of a
building to other portion and help escalate
the fire.
m
B. CONVECTION a diffusion of heat through a fluid
(gas or liquid) by means of the flow of the hotter
parts of the fluid to the colder parts. For
example, a fire in a corner of a room will heat
the air directly around it. The heated air being
lighter than the cooled air, will rise to the ceiling;
the displaced cooler air will take the place of the
heated air. As this process continues, the heat
from the fire will be facilitated.
m
C. RADIATION the process by which heat is
transferred in straight lines from a source to a
receiving materials without heating the intervening
medium. For example, the earth received its heat
from the sun by means of radiation from a burning
building to a neighboring building, which may set a
fire or search by the intensity of the transferred
heat. The amount of heat transferred by radiation
depends on the intensity of the transferred heat, or
intensity of the burning, the distance between the
burning and receiving surface, and the angle at
which the radiated heat strikes the receiving
surface, and the presence or absence of any
obstruction to the straight lines of radiation.
m
Causes of Fire
A fire may originate intentionally or accidentally.

One method of proving arson is to eliminate
systematically the possibility of accident. An accidental
fire may arise from the working of certain forces of
nature or from negligence in the use of equipment and
materials. Natural causes of fires are:
1.Sun rays focused by bubbles in window panes, shaving
mirrors by some other peculiarly shaped glass article
which may serve as convex lens.
2.Lightning. Lightning usually strikes a high point of the
building and may be traced in path to the ground. Traces
of lightning are melting of metal parts of the building,
streaked paint with burned areas, cracks in the walls,
broken bricks and soot driven into rooms from chimney.
m
Additional Information to Be Obtained Thru
Observation of the Colors of Smokes/Fumes and
Odor Evolved:
1. White Smoke indicates burning of humid materials
2. Black smoke accompanied by large flame indicates
petroleum products or rubber
3. Reddish Brown Smoke presence of nitrocellulose
sulfur, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid
4. Red Flame presence of petroleum
5. Blue Flame presence of alcohol, aldehyde or
ketone
6. Biting Smoke irritating to nose and caused
coughing indicate presence of chlorine.
7. Garlic Odor Smoke presence of phosphorus
m
Lab Test Performed on Specimen Submitted
a. Preliminary Test ashes or debris suspected to contain

inflammable substance is placed on a wide mouth test
tube/glass with fitted rubber stopper and heated, fumes
evolved is tested with SUDAN or RHODOKRIT powder.
b. If positive result is obtained from the above-mentioned
test, said sample is subjected to steam distillation.
Steam distillate obtained is injected into the GAS
CHROMATORGRAPH to identify the accelerant used.
Similar instrumental analysis conducted on liquid
samples/substances gathered from the crime scene.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPH is a highly sophisticated
laboratory instrument used in the identification of
gases/accelerant.
c. Spectrographic analysis using QUARTZ SPECTROGRAPH
is conducted in cases wherein foreign metals are
recovered on the scene of the incident.
m
DRUGS
A. Preliminary Test
Drugs Test Used Reactions Noted
Opium and Marquis Purple or violet color
derivatives
Heroin Nitric Acid Yellow or green color
Morphine Nitric Acid Red orange to yellow
color
Cocaine Cobalt Thiocyanate Blue precipitate
Barbiturates Dillie-Koppanyi Violet color
Amphetamines a. Marquis a. Red orange to
b. Mandelin darkbrown
b. Green to reddish
brown color
LSD PABA Purple color
Marijuana
111 Duquenois-Levine Violet color
www.criminologyreviewer.weebly.co
KN Red
m bottom layer
B. Confirmatory Tests
There are several methods available to the chemist
to confirm the results of the preliminary tests. A
technique much more specific than the color tests is
microcrystalline examination. A small amount of the
drug is dissolved in a few drops of a solvent on a
slide. Then a reagent is added, forming crystals
characteristic of the drug. This is observed under the
microscope.
The UV and IR spectrophotometers and the gas
chromatograph can also be used for positive
identification of the drugs.
Another method employed is thin layer
chromatography (TLC) which is rapid, sensitive, easy
to sue and inexpensive.
m
SCIENTIFIC NAME OF CERTAIN DRUGS
Cocaine Benzol Methyl Ecgonine
Coca Plant Erythroxylon Coca Lamarch
Marijuana Cannabis Sativa L.
Opium Papaver Somniferum
Shabu Methamphetamine Hydrochloride
Ecstasy Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
m
TOXICOLOGY
Toxicology - science of poisons: the scientific
study of poisons, especially their effects on the
body and their antidotes (Microsoft Encarta
Reference Library 2004. 1993-2003 Microsoft
Corporation)
Poison anything other than physical agencies

which is capable of destroying life, either by
chemical action on the tissues of the living
body, or by physiological action by absorption
into the living system.
m
Site of Action of Poison
1.Local Action The poison may act on the skin or

on the mucous membrane or on any part of body
where it is applied.
Example: Sulfuric acid
2.Remote Action The poison may act remotely in
any of the following ways:
m
a. By production of shock. Ex. Poisoning by
strong acid.
b. By absorption into the blood and being carried
to the organs they effect. Ex. Morphine is
absorbed by the blood and carried to the
brain and depresses it.
a. By transmission through the nerves of local
parts affected going to the nerve centers and
then reflected to the organs on which they
act.
m
Site of Remote Actions of the Different Poisons are:
a.On the Brain: Narcotics, alcohols, cerebral stimulants

like caffeine.
b.On the Cord: Strychnine (Poisonous plant product: a
bitter white poisonous alkaloid obtained from nux
vomica and related plants, used as a poison for
rodents and medicinally as a stimulant for the central
nervous system. Formula: C21H22N2O2 )
c.On the Peripheral Nerves: Curare (plant resin causing
paralysis: a dark resin obtained from certain South
American plants, used by indigenous hunters to poison
their arrows and in medicine as a muscle relaxant)
d.On the Alimentary Tract: Corrosives
m
e. On the Kidneys: Cantharides (INSECTS European
beetle: a green European blister beetle, used as a
source of the stimulant and irritant cantharides.
Latin name: Lytta esicatoriaCantharis vesicatoria
Also called cantharis DRUGS toxic preparation
used as aphrodisiac: a toxic preparation made
from the crushed dried bodies of the Spanish fly,
used in the past as an aphrodisiac and to treat
skin blisters)
f. On the Salivary Glands: Mercury
g. On the Liver: Phosphorus
h. On the Mucous Membrane: Arsenic
m
i. On the Heart: Digitalis
j. On the Blood Vessels: Ergot (fungus attacking
cereals: a disease of cereals caused by a parasitic
fungus that grows in dense black masses (sclerotia) in
the grains of the ear. Latin name: Claviceps purpurea.
Also called black bread mold. Fungal bodies used in
medicine: the dried sclerotia of an ergot fungus that
yield substances used in drugs to treat migraine and to
induce uterine contractions in childbirth), Nitrites
k. On the Blood Cells: Snake venom
l. Both Local and Remote: The poison may act at the site
of application and in some distant place. Ex. Carbolic
acid is an irritant to the alimentary tract and also toxic
when absorbed.
m
Circumstances Affecting Action of Poison
1. Method of Administration: Poisons may enter the

body in the following ways:
a. Orally Except irritants and corrosives, poisons

must be digested or absorbed in the gastric or
intestinal mucosa before producing effect.
b. Hypodermically Poison reaches the blood
stream without passing the digestive organs. This
method is only available for such substances that
are soluble in the lymph and tissue juices.
m
c. Intramuscularly Absorption is faster than in
the hypodermic method.
d. Endodermically The poison may be rubbed
into and absorbed through the skin.
e. By Rectum, Vagina or Bladder Absorption
through the rectum is about twice as much as
absorption through the mouth.
f. By the Lungs Poison through this route may
be made of a substance which can be
transformed to gaseous state.
m
2. Idiosyncrasy: Some persons posses sensitivity to
certain foods or drugs. The most common drugs
are potassium iodide, arsenical preparations,
aspirin and the sulfas. As to foods, the most
common are fish, shrimps, eggs and oysters.
3. Age: There are substances which are considered
poison for babies but wholesome for adults,
while the opposite is true for other substances.
m
4. Habit: The body may acquire tolerance to some
drugs. Habit diminishes the effect of certain
poisons. Tobacco, alcohol, opium, barbiturates,
arsenic are good examples of this.
5. Dose: The effect of drugs and poisons in the body
is usually proportional to the dose taken. Ex.
Alcohol, when taken in small dose, stimulates
body reflexes and tone, while large amount
depressed the whole body.
Fatal Dose: This is the smallest dose known to

cause death: not the smallest amount which will
certainly cause death.
m
Treatment of Patient Suffering from Acute
Poisoning
1. Evacuation of the Stomach:

a. A long rubber tube is introduced to the mouth and
allowed to reach the stomach. Fluid must first be
introduced into the stomach to prevent the tube to
come in close contact with its wall. Fluid is
withdrawn and introduced until traces of the
poison are removed. The procedure is contra-
indicated in poisoning by corrosives on account of
the danger of tear or laceration of the stomach
wall.
m
b. Administration of Emetics - causing vomiting:
causing a person or animal to vomit
(Microsoft Encarta Reference Library
2004. 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation.)
2. Neutralization of the Poison that Remains in
the Stomach
3. Application of Physiological Antidotes -
substance that counteracts poison: a
substance that counteracts the effect of a
poison or toxin. (Microsoft Encarta
Reference Library 2004. 1993-2003
Microsoft Corporation)
m
4. Keep the Patient Alive by General
Measures, While His Organs of Elimination
Are Getting Rid of the Poison. Treat Any
Urgent and Dangerous Symptoms.
5. Eliminating the Poison: The elimination of
the poison is aided by purgatives,
sudorifics, and diuretics. Sweating may
be encouraged by hot bath, warm
packing, and injection with apomorphine.
m
SUDORIFICS - causing production of
sweat: causing the production of sweat.
2004. 1993-2003 Microsoft
Corporation)
DIURETICS - causing increased urine
output: causing increased flow of urine.
2004. 1993-2003 Microsoft
Corporation)
m
Classification of Poison
Strong Acids Caustic Alkalis Compounds

Sulfuric Acid Potassium Zinc Chloride
Hydroxide
Corrosive
s Nitric Acid Sodium Antimony
Hydroxide Trichloride
Hydrochloric Ammonia
Acid
Carbolic Acid
Oxalic Acid
m
Irritants
Non- Salts of Vegetable Animal Food
metals Metals Irritants Irritants Irritants
Castor oil Cantharides
Digitalis
Belladonna
Croton oil,
etc.
m
Somniferous Diliriant
Group
Narcotics Opium Belladonna
Chloral Hyoscyamus
Synthetic Stamonium
Hypnotics
Cocaine
m
Neutral Cerebral Cardiac

Depressan Depressant Depressant
Depressa t: s: s
nts Paralysis Inhibiting
of the the brain
spinal cord functions
Aconite Hydrogen Digitalis
Cyanide
Conium Oil of Bitter Strophanthu
Almond s
Laurel Water Camphor
m
Poisons which are Exito-Motor in

Action
Strychnine Brucine Thebaine
Poisonous Gases Irrespirable
Gases
Poisons and Irrespirable Carbon Dioxide Chlorine
Gases
Carbon Monoxide Benzene
Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen
Cyanide
Arseniureted
Hydrogen
Carbon Disulfide
m
Contact Poisons
Vegetable Animal Chemical
Irritants Irritants Irritants
Vulnerants
Nail Broken Dus
s Glasses t
m
The Forensic Chemistry Division of the NBI made
the following classification based on the Chemical
Standpoint:
Gaseous Poisons (Poisons Present in the Gaseous State):
1.Carbon dioxide
2.Carbon monoxide
3.Hydrocarbons
4.Hydrogen sulfide
5.Sulfur dioxide
6.Oxides of nitrogen (Nitrous oxide, Nitric acid and Nitrogen
dioxide)
7.War gases
Corrosives (Poisons Metallic Poisons and
characterized Salts: (These chemicals
principally by an are protoplasmic
intense and destructive irritants, but their chief
action a few organic action is the
corrosives are included deleterious effect
in this group for the produced after
sake of completeness) absorption into the
system.)
Acid; Mineral and Organic: Heavy Metals:
Sulfuric acid; Hydrochloric Phosphorus; Antimony;
Inorganic acid; Nitric acid; Oxalic Arsenic; Bismuth;
Poisons acid; Acetic acid. Mercury; Lead;
Radioactive substances;
Thallium; Gold; Osmium;
Platinum; Nickel;
Chromium; Tin; Vanadium.
Alkaline Corrosives: Inorganic Salts: Alum;
Potassium hydroxide; Alkaline earths;
Sodium hydroxide; Magnesium sulfate;
Calcium oxide; Lithium salts; Potassium
Ammonium hydroxide salts; Boric acid and
borax; Tellurium; Sodium
silicate.
Halogens: Chlorine;
Bromine; Iodine; Fluorine.
Organic Poisons:
1. Volatile Poisons (Volatile liquids or easily
sublimated solids many of which are irritants;
their chief action occurs after absorption):
a. Alepathic Compounds: Methyl alcohol; Ehtyl
alcohol; Fuel oil; Amyl alcohol; Tertiary or
Dimethyl carbinol; acetaldehyde;
Paraldehyde; Methyl chloride; Methyl
bromide; Tribromoethanol; Ethyl chloride;
Ethyl bromide; Ether; Chloroform; Bromoform;
Chloral hydrate; Carbon tetrachloride;
Tetrachlorethane; Amyl nitrite; Nitroglycerin;
Carbon bisulfide; Hydrocyanic acid and the
cyanides; Paraffin hydrocarbons.
b. Atomic compounds: Benzene series; Essential
oil
m
Non-Alkaloidal Poisons (A conglomerate
collection of other organic toxic substances,
non-volatile and non-alkaloidal):
a.Hypnotics: Alepathic series; aromatic series.
b.Aromatic Compounds: Naphthol; Salicylic acid;
Picric acid; Dinitrophenol; Trinitrotoluene;
Acetanilid; Antipyrine; Atophan; and the
Cinchopen group.
c.Glucosides: Digitalis, Strophanthus; Olenader;
Hellebore; Gossypium; Locust; Scilla; Cannabis
indica.
m
d. Organic Purgatives: Purgative oils;
anthracene group; Jalap; purgatives.
e. Essentials Oils: Aspidium; Abortifacients; Oil
of Chenopodium; Apiol; Affion; Turpentine.
f. Picrotoxin Group: Picrotoxin; Water of
hemlock.
g. Miscellaneous Group: Taxus; Sparteine;
Abrus; Laburum; Larkspur; Health family;
Sntonin; Cantharides.
m
Miscellaneous Poisons: (Associated with botulism;
food poisoning; mushroom poisoning; snake venom
poisoning).
1. Food Poisoning: Toxic substances in the food;

abnormal hypersensitivity to normal
constituents of food.
2. Poisonous Plants.
3. Poisonous Animals and Their Poisons: Arachnids;
Centipedes; Insects; Caterpillars; Vertebrates.
4. Biological Products.
5. Ground Glass.
m

CRIM Forensic Chemistry ToxicologyGY

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

CRIM Forensic Chemistry ToxicologyGY

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

This is determined by blood grouping. A-B-O

Blood Group Agglutinogen in Agglutinin in

Normally, suspected semen may be found

There are 3 chemical tests that can be used

The only specific test for semen is the

Three Zones of Distance:

Cells invisible without Cells easily visible

Value of medullary Value of medullary

At least five sheets should be submitted

By the use of the few drops of chemical

The test is performed by burning and

Chemical reagents are applied to small

Strips of the paper are suspended in

To determine whether two documents were

When hydrochloric acid is placed on iron nutgall

It may be said, in general, that under

The chemical methods are not applicable to

Glass is best described as a supercooled

a. Radial Fracture primary fracture

1.Point of Impact The front of the glass can

Determination of the First Shot from a Series of Shots

The radial fracture of the first bullet hole will

Comparing fracture pattern is one method

1. Must be readily fluid or plastic when applied.

1.Hastening add teaspoonful of table salt to

1.Visible print a print that results after a finger,

1.Metallurgy the art of extracting and

1.Robbery (with force upon things) where

When a number or any mark is stamped

However, when etching fluids are applied to this

Soil as evidence has been overlooked by

a. Primary Minerals undecomposed rock

Dust and dirt has been described as matter

1. Dust deposited from the air

A.Burning or combustion is the rapid oxidation of

Fuel, heat and oxygen are known as the fire

a.When a combustible material ignites, combustion

A. CONDUCTION the transmission of heat thru

A fire may originate intentionally or accidentally.

a. Preliminary Test ashes or debris suspected to contain

Poison anything other than physical agencies

1.Local Action The poison may act on the skin or

a.On the Brain: Narcotics, alcohols, cerebral stimulants

1. Method of Administration: Poisons may enter the

a. Orally Except irritants and corrosives, poisons

Fatal Dose: This is the smallest dose known to

1. Evacuation of the Stomach:

Strong Acids Caustic Alkalis Compounds

Neutral Cerebral Cardiac

Poisons which are Exito-Motor in

1. Food Poisoning: Toxic substances in the food;

S-ar putea să vă placă și