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Microwave
s
Grazing Path
Obstructed Path
Line of Sight (LOS) Path
Fading
Refraction
Absorption
Diffraction
Attenuation
Reflection
Ducting and Thermal Inversion
Earth Blge
Fading
Variation of field strength
caused by changes in
transmission medium.
Refraction
Change in direction due to changes in transmission
densities, temperature, pressure, water vapor.
Absorption
Trapped waves
bounce back and
forth in a duct caused
by temperature and
humidity inversion.
Earth Blge
Earths curvature presents LOS obstruction
and must be compensated using 4/3 earth
radius for atmospheric bending of waves.
Advantages of Microwave
Communications
1. Large information handling capacity (256
9600 kbps)
2. High reliability through diversity techniques.
3. Lower power consumption
4. Carry wideband circuits for high speed data;
high quality voice channels.
5. Could be fitted with anti-jam equipment,
adaptive modems and other accessories.
6. Forward error correction and hitless switching.
7. Microprocessor controlled pre-detection
combing.
Earth Curvature on RF Propagation
K-Factor
K = r / ro
Translation of Various K-
Factors
Standard Condition
Radio Path
Profile
Shows the cross-section of the earths
surface where the radio path passes over.
Determines the actual clearance along the path,
antenna heights and overall reliability. Normally
scaled at 4, 2, or 1 mile inch on the horizontal
and 25, 100 and 400 feet on the vertical.
Topographical Maps
Graph showing
contour lines,
thereby, elevations
and distances
between two
points are known.
Microwave Transmission Calculations:
Path Calculations / Link Budget
1. Consider the following for K-Factor of 4/3:
WL = (dB / m, ft) x m, ft
4. Gain of Parabolic Antenna
English system:
Metric system:
ERP = PT WL + G
6. Free Space Loss (FSL)
English system:
Metric system:
FM dB = RSL dBm - IT
dBm
12. System Gain (SG)
The difference between the nominal output
power of a transmitter and the minimum input
power required by a receiver.
SG = PT(dBm) - IT
dBm
13. System Reliability
a. Unavailability (U)
b. Reliability (R)
U = MTTR / (MTBF+MTTR) or Availability
R= (1 U) x 100 %
U = DownTime /
TotalTime
For Multi-hop Propagation
The Outage
For multi-hop propagation , the total outage
is the summation of each hop and reliability
is
100 % - Total Outage. In short, the
probability of an equipment or system being
operational is: 100% minus the Probability of
being non-operational.
1st
st Fresnel Zone
2nd
nd Fresnel Zone
3rd
rd Fresnel Zone
1st
st Fresnel Zone
Fn = F1 n
Active
Passive
1. Active
IF Heterodyne Repeater
RF Heterodyne Repeater
Baseband Repeater
Billboard
English System
G dB
dB = 22.2 + 40logf GHz
GHz + 20logAft
ft + 20cos
2
2
Metric System
G dB = 42.9 + 40logf GHz + 20logAm2 +
20cos
Frequency Diversity
Space Diversity
Polarization Diversity
Hybrid Diversity
Angle Diversity
Quadrature Diversity
1. Frequency Diversity
a. Frequency Conservation
b. Minimized Multipath Fading
c. Availability of Sufficient Signal Output
d. Compensation for Electrical Differences
Between Direct and Reflected Waves.
Disadvantages of Space
Diversity
a. Costly
b. More towers required
c. Concept does always work as intended
Vertical Space Between Antennas
Spacing ft = (43.4 d) / hT
3. Polarization Diversity
High Performance /
Shrouded
Cross Band Parabolic
Antenna
Horn Reflected Antenna
Periscope Arrangement
a. Direct Radiating
Antenna
Consist of parabolic
antenna with
parabolic dish,
illuminated by a
feed horn at its
focus.
b. High Performance / Shrouded
a metal wrapped
around the antenna
aperture to eliminate
side lobes which may
cause interference to
nearby microwave
stations.
Radome
a non-metallic (canvass)
covering in a parabolic
antenna for protection
against strong wind
velocity. In cold places,
ice accumulation is
prevented by the use of
heated radome.
c. Cross Band Parabolic
1. Rectangular, flat
2. Rectangular,
curved
3. Elliptical, flat
4. Elliptical, curved
5. Flyswatter
Microwave Components and Devices
Magnetron
Cavity Reflex
Klystron
High Power Multicavity
Klystron
a. Cavity Reflex Klystron operates as a low
power RF oscillator in
the microwave
region.
b. High Power Multicavity Klystron
A magnetic field
ensures a constant
electron beam-RF
field interaction.
3. Travelling Wave Tube
(TWT)
A microwave power
amplifier with very
wide bandwidth.
An electric field is
used to ensure the
interaction between
the electron beam
and the RF field is
continuous.
Other Microwave Tubes
Backward-Wave Oscillator
(BWO)
Twystron
Extended Interaction
Amplifier (EIA)
1. Crossed-Filled Amplifier
(CFA)
A microwave power amplifier based on the magnetron
and looking very much like it. It is a cross between the
TWT and the magnetron in its operation.
(1)kathode
(2)anode with resonant-
cavities
(3) Space-Charge Wheel
(4)delaying strapping rings
2. Backward-Wave Oscillator (BWO)
Stripline
Microstrip
Gunn Diode
Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MESFET)
Parametric Amplifier
1. Point-contact and Schottky or Hot-carrier
Diodes
Widely used as mixers in
microwave equipment as they
have low capacitance and
inductance.
2. Varactor Diodes or Variable Capacitance Diodes