Nanotechnology Program

University of science and technology

Zewail city for science and technology

Introduction to Nanotechnology
Introduction to Nanotechnology 2

What is Nano?

The prefix nano comes

from the ancient Greek
word for dwarf.

In science and technology it indicates the

dimension
of one billionth.

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What is Nanoscale?

One nanometer is thus one billionth

of metre (or one millionth of millimetre, etc.). It can
be expressed as 10-9 metres and shortened to nm.

The radius of one atom of gold is 0.14 nm.

Half a nanometre is the linear dimension of
a small molecule like methane (CH4).
One human hair is around 100 thousand
times bigger.

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What is Nanoscale?

Fullerenes C60

22 cm 0.7 nm
12,756 km

1.27 107 0.22 0.7 10-9 m

m m

10 millions 1 billion
times smaller times
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What is Nanoscale?

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What is Nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of

matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers,
where unique phenomena enable novel applications.

National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2007

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Why Nanotechnology?

Size-Dependent Properties:
At the nanometer scale, properties become size-dependent. For
example,

(1) Thermal properties melting temperature

(2) Mechanical properties adhesion, capillary forces
(3) Optical properties absorption and scattering of light
(4) Electrical properties tunneling current
(5) Magnetic properties superparamagnetic effect

New properties enable new applications

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Why Nanotechnology?

Gold at nano
scale

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Why Nanotechnology?

Red Herring, May 2002

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Nanotechnology Applications

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Nanotechnology Applications

Nanotechnology in Drugs(Cancer)

Provide new options for drug delivery and drug

therapies.
Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right
location in the body and release drug doses on a
predetermined schedule for optimal treatment.
Attach the drug to a nanosized carrier.
They become localized at the disease site, i.e cancer
tumour.
Then they release medicine that kills the tumour.
Current treatment is through radiotherapy or
chemotherapy.
Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries.

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Nanotechnology Applications

Nanotechnology in Fabrics
The properties of familiar materials are being changed by
manufacturers who are adding nano-sized components to
conventional materials to improve performance.

For example, some clothing manufacturers are making

water and stain repellent clothing using nano-sized
whiskers in the fabric that cause water to bead up on
the surface.

In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.

Making spill & dirt resistant, antimicrobial, antibacterial

fabrics.

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Nanotechnology Applications

Nanotechnology in Electronics
Electrodes made from nanowires enable flat panel
displays to be flexible as well as thinner than current
flat panel displays.

Nanolithography is used for fabrication of chips.

The transistors are made of nanowires, that are

assembled on glass or thin films of flexible plastic.

E-paper, displays on sunglasses and

map on car windshields.

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Nanotechnology Applications

Military
By using nanotechnology, the military
would be able to create sensor
systems that could detect biological
agents.

Nanoparticles can be injected into the

material on soldiers uniforms to not
only make the material more
durable, but also to protect soldiers
from many different dangers such as
high temperatures, impacts and
chemicals.

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Nanotechnology Applications

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Nanoelectronics (Mosfet transistor)

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Nanoelectronics (Mosfet transistor)

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Discrete Component CPU

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Discrete Component CPU

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Discrete Component CPU

Clock: 20 KH
RAM: 256 Bytes
Weight : 0.5 ton
Transistors :
27,000
Area: 15 m2

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Discrete Component CPU

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Nanoelectronics (Nanotranistor)

Intel Core i7 Processor(2015):

Transistor Count : 1,750,000,000

Area : 122mm
Process: 14nm

How did it get so small and so

fast?

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Nanoelectronics (Integrated Circuits)

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Nanoelectronics (Integrated Circuits)

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Nanoelectronics (Integrated Circuits)

Silicon Wavers

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Nanoelectronics (Integrated Circuits)

Lithography

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Nanoelectronics (Integrated Circuits)

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MEMS/NEMS

Micro/Nano ElectroMechanical
Systems

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MEMS/NEMS

The world's tiniest helicopter has a

length of 24 millimeters and a weight
of 0.4 grams and takes off at 40,000
rpm.

Microfluidic device

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MEMS/NEMS

Nanofabrication Techniques

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MEMS/NEMS

Examples

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MEMS/NEMS

Examples

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MEMS/NEMS

Examples

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MEMS/NEMS

Thermal Inkjet Heads

A well contains a small volume of ink held in place by surface

tension
To fire a droplet, a thin-film resistor locally superheats the ink
beneath an exit nozzle to over 250C
Within 5 s, a bubble forms and begins to expel ink out
After 15 s, the ink droplet is ejected from the nozzle
Within 24 s, the tail of the ink droplet separates, and the bubble
collapses inside the nozzle
Within less than 50 s, the chamber refills, and the ink meniscus
settles

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MEMS/NEMS

Inkjet printers

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Clean Room

Clean room facility:

Main function of clean rooms is control of particle

contamination

Requires control of air flow, water and chemical filtrations,

human protocol

Particle free walls, furniture, and accessories must be

used

Airflow through 0.3 microns filters.

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Clean Room

Clean room Classes:

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Clean Room at Zewail City

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Clean Room at Zewail City

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Thank You
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