Well Test Analysis

Introduction
The well test analysis comprises with pressure build-up & temperature studies under
different set of reservoir conditions. The Build-up studies includes SBHP, FBHP, Pressure
build-up and drawdown behavior, Interference test between the wells and two rate flow
behavior of individual wells.
Indicator diagram studies also carried out to optimize the optimum flowing rate of the
wells and to determine certain reservoir parameters. The pressure Transient Test in
flowing wells which is subsequently closed for the studies is a direct method for
obtaining the average reservoir pressure. Two rate flow studies is preferable in case if in
the well is having Humping effect.
Long flow test suits better in case of finding the reservoir limits. Interference test is
conducted to estimate the degree of reservoir connectivity and directional trends in
permeability. The interference test also useful to determine the effective porosity specially
in case of fracture types of reservoir.
--Cont--
In addition to this, gas open flow potential and optimum working conditions also determined
by well test analysis. Bottom hole samples also taken for detail PVT analysis of oil and gas
compositions. This helps in the estimation of Bo, Bg, shrinkage factor and other various fluid
parameters i.e. saturation pressure, GOR, WOR, viscosity and API gravity. Many of these
parameters are the function of the pressure.
Flow meter studies also carried out to understand the each layer contributions or intake
capacity. Piezometric studies helps in ascertaining the changes in aquifer pressure during the
course of production from the reservoir which will throw the light on reservoir performance.
The pressure behavior of the well is crucial parameter in reservoir Engg. Which is measured
by suitable pressure recorders. The pressure data recorded are used for:
- Hydrodynamic connectivity between the wells and the reservoir horizon
- How efficiently the well is completed
- Need of stimulation treatment in the well
- Overall performance of the reservoir
- Future production performance of the field
 --Cont--
- Also useful to determine the local and Avg. reservoir pressure. This will help to
generate the Isobar pressure of the field to know the pressure behavior of the
field.
- These data will be helpful to estimate the reserve calculations.
- DST and RFT data are also an important parameters to understand the reservoir
behavior in terms of PVT, areal / vertical extension of the reservoir under
the various conditions of exploration and exploitation stages of the reservoir.

It is also required to observed the FTHP and FBHP which is the function of time.
These data will be helpful to evaluate the response of injected water for pressure
maintenance. These studies are required to formulate the rational planning of
development of field and making periodic assessment of pressure response on
production wells.
 Pressure Recorders
Well Test analysis is the back bone of reservoir Engg. The pressure details of the well help to
know the health of the reservoir & to assimilate the effect of pressure response of inherent
energy of the reservoir by monitoring the pressure by artificial means to assess the
production. The externally supplied energy to the reservoir can be monitored by:
Wire line tool
Permanent installation of surface recording instrument/ tool
Surface recording Instruments run on conductor cable
These measuring instruments are described as under:

A. Piston Type Pressure Recorder:

Specifications:
1. Type: MGP-3M (USSR)
2. Availability in different ranges
- 0- 160 kg/cm2
- 0- 250kg/cm2
--Cont--

- 0 - 400 kg/cm2
- 0 - 600 kg/cm2
The range of Manometer depends on the diameter range of
the piston.

3. Overall Dimensions and Weight:

Dimension : 33 x 1658 mm
Weight : 7 Kg

4. Duration of one revolution of the clock:

- Mechanism drum : one Revolution per Hour
- Duration of clock mechanism : 14 Hrs
5. Sensitivity : 0.5% of max range
6. Working Temp. : 130 Deg Cent.
7. Initial measuring pressure : 1.5% of the range
8. Working movement of recording pen : 95-110mm
Working Principle:
The main element of the recorder is a special type of spring
with piston of specific diameter fitted to one end and other
end is fixed. The working space of the spring is filled with a
special liquid (95% Glycol + 5 % Soap powder). The
movement of the piston is recorded on the chart with a
recording pen and pressure data of the well can be
generated. The chart is controlled by clock mechanism.
B. Helical
TheSpring/Galyx Type
sensitivity ofPressure Recorder:
this gauge is (very
Plate 3.1B)
poor and the results
obtained are not in consistency. Hence use of piston
Specifications :
I.manometer is not recommended.
Type: MGG-2Y (USSR)
II. Ranges:
- 0- 63 kg/cm2
- 0-100 kg/cm2
- 0-160 kg/cm2
- 0-250 kg/cm2
The range of the Manometer depends on thickness of the
helical spring used.
scane\plate3.1.pdf
--- Cont--:
III.Overall Dimensions and weight:-
a. Dia : 36 x 1385mm
b. Weight: 6.7 Kg
IV. Time Recording Scale:-
a. With a screw of 6mm step- 10 Minute/ mm
b. With a screw of 15mm steps 4 minutes/ mm
V. Recording scale of pressure:-
a. 0-63 kg/cm2 : Range manometer 1.15 1.25
kg/cm2/mm
b. 0-160 kg/cm2 : Range manometer 2.9 -
3.2kg/cm2/mm
c. 0-250 kg/cm2 : Range manometer 4.5 - 5.0 kg/cm2/mm
VI. Sensitivity: 0.2 % of Max range
VII.Working Temp. : 100 Deg Cent
Working Principle
Multi coil manometer spring (Helical) twisted spiral wire. To protect the interior space of
the spring it is connected to the sylphon (Bellow) separator. The interior space of the
Sylphon and the spring is filled with Toluene. The pressure experienced by Sylphon is
transmitted to the Spring resulting untwisting it corresponds to the pressure exerted.
The max angle of untwisting of the springs corresponding to the max pressure is 240
to 265 degree. The free end of the spring is connected to the shaft having recording pen (
Stylus).
Due to untwisting of the spring the Pen turns in plane perpendicular to its axis. The
rotation of the shaft is recorded on the pressure chart moves by clock mechanism. The
chart is made of paper or the metal. The paper chart is having abrasive coating and
marked by Stylus (Pen).
The metal chart are made of Brass, Copper or Aluminum are preferred because they are
not affected by humidity and can be preserved for a long time.
Amerada Pressure Recorder: (Plate 3.2 a)
Manufactured : M/s Geophysical Research Corporation, 136 Mohawk Boulevard
Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
Specifications:
Type : RPG-3 or RPG-4
Ranges : 0-2000psi, 0- 3000 psi, 0-5000psi, 0- 7500psi etc
Hence it is available from 500 psi mini to 25000 psi max.
Dimensions: ( RPG-4)
Diameter :1
Length : 75.31 & 70.62 ( when used as Thermo meter as well)
Metallurgy of the metal: Non- corrosive and is of Nickel Alloys
Pressure Axis : 1.8
Time Axis :5
Clock : 144hr (Max.)
-These are un-effected at 275 Deg. Cent
- Ranges :
3, 12, 48, 72 & 144 hrs coordinated to move the time axis of the chart by 5
Accuracy : 0.2% of full scale

1800 psi element : 3.6 PSI accuracy

18000 psi element : 36 PSI Accuracy
scane\Plate3.2.pdf
--Cont--

Working Temp: 200 Degree F

Working Principle:
The active element is helical bourdon tube, fixed at one
end the interior is subjected to the pressure. The
resulting rotation of the free end of the Bourdon tube is
transmitted to recording Stylus. The stylus record on the
metallic chart fitted in the chart drum controlled by the
clock. The typical pressure chart obtained from the
Helical / Piston/ Amerada recorders shows:
- Static or flowing BHP
- Static and flowing BHP gradient as shown in Plate
3.3a.
scane\Plate3.3.pdf
LEUTERTS PRESSURE RECORDER (Plate 3.5A)
The Leutert- Hugel wireline gauge is manufactured by Fricdrich Leutert. 3141 Lueneburge
Germany.
Specification: pressure ranges: PSI- 760, 1560, 2250, 3200, 4600, 6400, 7100 & 10,000.
Sensitivity : one part in 20,000 psi
Clock ranges: hours: 5, 15, 30, 90, 180, & 360 hrs
Coefficient of Error: 0.025 % of full range scale
Dimension: Dia- 1.26 1.42
Length : 130
Working Principle:
It is a spring and piston type device in which the piston is rotated continuously during the
test by clock. This gives an accuracy of 0.025% of full scale total & having an accuracy of
about 10 times of that of sub surface bourdon gauges (Helical, Amerada gauges). The
higher accuracy is very helpful in high permeability wells. Where the slopes of the pressure
curves is small and in interference tests the disturbance will be small. The gauge is
designed based on dead wt tester.
scane\Plate3.5.pdf
--- Cont--:

Since the width of the chart is 8.75 and height is 8 accuracy of this gauge is naturally
more due to high resolution.

E. SPERRY-SUNS PRECISIONS SUBSURFACE PRESSURE GAUGE (PALE

3.6A)
It is battery powered developed for measuring the small
pressure changes over a prolonged time intervals. This uses
the Bourdon type tube as primary sensing device. It
incorporates the unique features which generally enhance
the precisions, sensitivity and versatility.
Plate 3.5 is functional block diagram of the pressure gauge.
It is divided into two basic devices:
1. Pressure measuring system
2. The recording system
scane\Plate3.6.pdf
Pressure measurement system:
It includes the Bourdon Tube. Sensing mechanism with low and high pressure contacts,
gear reduction nulling unit, electrical impulses driven timing mechanism and electronic
controlled circuit.
Bourdon tube is the basic pressure transducer, its out puts shaft rotates through an
angle proportional to the pressure applied to it.
The sensing mechanism is differential transformer, the secondary coil of which is
connected out put shaft of the bourdon tube and rotates with it. It is also mounted with
special types of element which provides frictionless load on the angular moment of the
bourdon tube shaft.
During pressure measurement the primary coil is rotated by motor and gear reduction
nulling unit under the control of electronic controlled circuit. This system has a
precisions and accuracy of restoring the primary coil to the null position of 0.005Degree.
Recording System:
The recording system consists of motor, gear reduction nulling unit, recording stylus
mechanism, chart and chart holder. During pressure measurement, the motor through the
gear reduction nulling unit aligns the primary coil in the nulling position with the
secondary coil. At the same time the motor is driving the stylus assembly through the
gear reduction unit. The stylus is driven through 22 times the angular rotation of the
primary coil, which increase the recording resolution.
This gauge accurately records pressure on 2.3 wide chart conventional system, for
comparable accuracy would require chart 51 wide readable to 1/1000 of an inches.
Gauge Accuracy and Sensitivity:
The bourdon tube is rated at 5300psi.
Reliable electrical impulse driven time mechanism
Sensitivity 0.005% of full scale
Inexpensive bottom hole recording
Standard precision: 0.05% of full scale
Gauge Specifications:
Dimension : Length 9feet
OD. : 1.5 max
Weigh Approx :35 pound
Operating Temp. : 250 deg F
Gauge can be run and installed in the well on a steel line in any conventional manner. The
gauge provides accuracy and sensitivity for draw down, buildup, Interference, Static
gradients variable flow rate and DST.
The Sperry-Suns gauge can be better utilizes as under:
- Best method for evaluating the producing reservoir
- The effective drainage radius of a well or wells exists
- Well bore drainage determination cab be precisely estimated
- Effective porosity- permeability area of the reservoir
- The distant to fault lines boundaries or flow barriers from the well
--- Cont--:
- Calculating the reservoir size
- Understanding the continuity of Aquifer
- Location of OWC and GOC
- Determining the adequate water and gas injection for pressure maintenance
- Understanding the well productivity

Special Applications of Pressure Record in oil

industry:

The pressure studies carried out in the reservoir/ wells are

very useful for determination of following details:

- Determination of density of the liquid under reservoir

conditions
- Determination of water and oil level in the tubing
- Determination of saturation pressure
- Estimation of OWC/GOC

Determination of density of the liquid under reservoir

conditions:
--- Cont--:

Since 10 mts of hydrostatic column is equivalent to 1 kg/cm2. This can be explained as

under :
P1 = Density x D1/ 10 --------------------1

P2 = Density x D2/10----------------------2

Density = (P2 - p1 )/10

Determination of Oil Water Level in The Tubing:

Record pressure gradient under static condition from top to the bottom of 100m interval
and also record the tubing pressure as well. From this data prepare a graph of Pressure
Vs depth ( Plate 4.1 B). The change in the pressure gradients in the tubing indicates the
presence of different fluid with different density.
From the density of the fluid as determined above could be used the nature of the fluid.
This types of studies are essential before taking the bottom hole sampling while
conducting the gas well studies.
scane\Plate4.1.pdf
 Determination of Saturation Pressure from
the Pressure Data: (Plate 4.1C)

It is possible to determine the saturation pressure for under saturated reservoir, with
the help of flowing pressure gradients survey conducted from top to bottom under
the stabilized conditions. It is necessary to have a minimum drawdown to keep the
flowing BHP greater than saturation pressure so as to get two distinct gradients if
saturation pressure is between the FBHP & Tubing head pressure.
The point of intersection of these two gradients is the saturation pressure.
The gradients below the Pb is lesser because of liberation of free gas below
saturation pressure as compare to the gradient above saturation pressure.
The value of Pb estimated from the above gradient at depth D where the absolute
temp is T1 which can be converted into the reservoir temperature by following
formula:
 ---Cont--
P1/P2 = T1/T2
Whereas
P1 = Pb determined from Pressure gradient survey at depth D
T1 = Absolute temp. at Depth D
P2 = Pr at reservoir Depth
T2 = Reservoir Temp in the absolute unit

Determination of OWC (Method by J.W Roach)

It is possible to determine the OWC/GOC from single producing oil & gas well. The
approximation is most accurate when there is near by water producing well from the
same reservoir (Plate 4.2A) provides known factors to be considered in the solution of
the problem. No water level is evident in the productive reservoir.
If the stabilized pressure measure at a depth of X (fts) then the exact pressure at a
depth D fts can be determined by measurement. So the contact Z can be found
out as:
scane\Plate4.2.pdf
--- Cont--:
Z = X+D
Let the Hydrostatic pressure at a depth X ft is Pxw as determined from the nearby
well above or below X.

w = water density at the depth X or in the reservoir

f = Density of fluid recovered at depth X at reservoir pressure

Pz = Normal hydrostatic pressure at depth Z

Thus
Pxw = P2 - wd

Px = P2 - fd

Pz = Pxw + wd

Pxw+ Pwd = Px+ fd

Pwd - fd = Px - Pxw (Px is a stabilized SBHP measured at depth of x fts)

Than Px - Pxw
--- Cont--:
since Z = x + d the value of Z could be calculated as:

Px - Pxw
Z =x + -----------------
w + f

Application of the well elevation to Z will give datum elevation of Z

Pxw can be determined by accurately by plotting a pressure depth chart from

several nearby wells.

Limitations:

1. The OWC/ GOC can only be determined when there is a nearby dry well produced
water from the same reservoir.
2. The contact can not be deter mined on the basis of one test in case the horizon
is having both the OWC and GOC
3. The method is not suitable in case of the volumetric reservoir having abnormal
pressure.
4. It does not suits that reservoir producing water along with the oil and gas
5. Method does not suites for gas cap drive reservoir.
Operational Method for Conducting
Bottom Hole Survey
Operational Method
For lowering the bottom hole equipment it requires special types of well head assembly (
Plate-5.1). It consists of:
- Lubricator
- Lubricator Cap (Stuffing Box)
- Pulley

Lubricator is made of 2.5 tubing with tapering thread on both the end. Length is 1.5 to 2
meters. It is different for different types of Chrismastree. Upper part of the Lubricator is
fitted with Needle Valve. It is used to release the pressure throw the Lubricator.
Lubricator Cap (Stuffing Box):
Stuffing Box is fixed at the top of the Lubricator. It threaded and welded and fixed. A hole
is made at the center of the stuffing box so as to fixed the rubber packer ( 1- 1.5 length).
In the packer a hole ( 2mm) is made through the nut has the facility to pass the
Manometer wire. By tightening the nut will give complete sealing through thr rubber
packing.
scane\Plate5.1.pdf
scane\Plate5.2.pdf
--- Cont--:
The grease in the stuffing box smoothen the job.

Pulley : On the top of the Lubricator a pulley is fixed firmly.

Such type of assembly is used during casing through perforation & during the
scrapping operation in the well. It is essential to fixed a permanent assembly on the
well head of each well. The Bottom Winch is kept at a safe distance of about 20 mts. The
manometer is lowered slowly with the winch wire ( 1.6- 2mm dia). The wire is taken
through the pulley to the hole of stuffing box, rubber packer and nut and then in the
well.
First the needle valve on the lubricator and side arm valve are closed and open the
master & crown valves gradually. Now the wire is tighten manually and set the
depthometer at zero. Release the hand brake slowly & allow the recorder to be lowered
slowly. Till goes down by its own weight.
There will be no difficulty in lowering the tool in gas and low density oil wells. In highly
viscous and paraffinic well it takes 3-4 hrs to reach at 1500mts .
--- Cont--:

The safe speed of lowering is 0.8mt/second. The Tool has to lowered up to 10m
above the tubing shoe as precautionary measures. Last 100m depth has be
lowered with all possible care and extremely slow rate.
After the desired operation is over, the tool is pulled out first 10mts manually
and then with engine with safe speed. When the Tool comes in the Lubricator
and depthometer indicates zero reading and the tensometer shows the zero
reading.
After that the well head master valve is closed. The tubing pressure is recorded
by gauge fitted on the needle valve. This pressure can be observed from the
direct reading from the chart (Plate 3.3.A, 3.3B). The needle valve is closed and
the gauge is removed after releasing the pressure in the gauge.
Release the pressure in the Lubricator by needle valve and de-assembled the
whole well head assembly. This whole studies has been carried out in the static
conditions of the well.
scane\Plate3.3.pdf
It has been observed that the winch wire is elongated about one meter at
1500mts, hence requires a correction factor during measurement of correct
depth.
Note: In case of high viscous fluid in the well then use the sinkerbars to lower
the toll in the well.
If well is subjected to paraffinic wax then it requires scrapping of the well
prior the lowering the tool.
Specifications

WINCH
Drum Barrel Diameter, mm 165
Drum Barrel Length, mm 200
Drum Flanges Diameter
working 380
outer 410
Lifting Wire Weight, Kg
1.6, mm Dia 105
1.8mm, Dia 130
Overall Dimension, mm
Length 1195
Width 859
Height 892
Weight (Less Lifting wire) 323.4
Total weight, Kg
1.6, mm Dia wire 428.4
1.8mm, Dia wire 453.4
Chasis with a vain ( Load wt in Tonnes)
Load capacity, Tonnes)

On the Profiled road 2

On the round road 1.5

Power Engine

Capacity,HP 70

Rotationalspeed,rpm 2800

Overall Dimensions, mm

Length 6133

Width 2800

Wright,Kg 4320
Pressure Buildup Analysis
Introduction
Following methods were proposed for -analysis described as under:

1. Miller, Dyes & Hutchinson method ( MDH)

2. Horner Method
3. Thomas method
4. Van-Everdingen
5. Hurst Method
6. Arps method
7. Gladfelter method
8. Muskat method
These methods provides mean reservoir pressure for measuring:
Well bore damage ( Skin Factor)
Inherent flow capacity of undamaged formation (Kh)
Static reservoir pressure
For successful analysis , knowledge reservoir conditions at the drainage radius is
necessary. The studies is divided into two parts.
1. One class is applicable where new development is drilled having poor H-C in
place has been produced.
2. Second class of studies is applicable to those wells where the effect of
drainage boundary is felt at the well bore.

Conditions assumed in Pressure Buildup Analysis:

Following two sets of conditions has been assumed in the pressure build-up
analysis.
1. A small inner boundary (well bore radius approaching zero.) over which steady
state flow rate of compressible fluid is constant and the finite outer boundary
radius exists. At the drainage radius:--
a. The pressure remain constant after shut-in or
b. There is no influx of fluid across the boundary after shut-in.
2. A small inner boundary (well bore radius approaching zero.) over which steady
state flow rate of compressible fluid is constant and the infinite outer boundary
radius exists.
Pressure Buildup Analysis
Pressure Buildup Analysis
Pressure Buildup Analysis