FACTS AND CUSTOM POWER

DEVICES

Dr. M. Nandakumar
Professor, Department of EEE
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
 Introduction
Usual application areas of power electronics include
power supplies and motor drives.
Availability of high power electronic switches has
enabled deployment of power electronics for
improved and flexible operation of the ac
transmission and distribution networks.

FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISION SYSTEM (FACTS)

CUSTOM POWER DEVICES
CUSTOM POWER DEVICES
Custom power is a strategy, which is intended principally to convene the
requirement of industrial and commercial consumers. The concept of the
custom power is tools of application of power electronics controller
devices into power distribution system to supply a quality of power,
demanded by the sensitive users. These power electronics controller
devices are also called custom power devices because through these
devices powers is applied to the sensitive equipments of the customers at
 CUSTOM POWER DEVICES

DISTRIBUTION STATIC COPMPENSATOR (DSTAT

DVR

NIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER (UPQC)

 Why We Need Transmission
Interconnections?
the purpose of the transmission network is

to pool power between power plants and load centres in order to

minimize the total power generation capacity and fuel cost.

Transmission interconnections enable taking advantage of diversity of

loads, availability of sources, and fuel price in order to supply electricity
to the loads at minimum cost with a required reliability.

small distributed generation becomes more economically viable if

there is a backbone of a transmission grid
 Introduction (Cont.)
Most of the worlds electric power systems are widely
interconnected to reduce cost of electricity and to improve the
reliability of power
Transmission intersupply.
connection takes the advantage of
1. Load diversity
2. Sharing of available recourses so that fuel price can be
reduced and the reliability of power supply can be enhanced
But due to excessive reactive power requirement and large
dynamic swing between different parts of the system full
potential of transmission interconnection cannot be utilized
Increased demand on transmission, absence of long term planning
etc. lead to have less secure and reduced quality of
power supply

FACTS technology is essential to

enhance grid reliability and quality
of power supply
 Flexible AC Transmission System
(FACTS) Real Power, P E ( EXsin ) 2 1

FACTS technology opens up new opportunities for controlling

power and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well
as new and upgraded, lines.

FACTS Controllers can control the interrelated parameters that

govern the operation of transmission systems including
series impedance
shunt impedance
current
voltage
phase angle
and the damping of oscillations at various frequencies below the
rated frequency.

By providing added flexibility, FACTS Controllers can enable

The important line
limitations onpower
loadingcloser
capability of transmission lines are
transmission to carry to its thermal rating.
thermal, dielectric and stability limits.
 E2 ( E1 sin )
Real Power, P
FLOW OF POWER IN AN AC SYSTEM X

E1 ( E1 E2 cos )
Reactive Power , Q =
X 1 2
The power that can be transmitted over a line depends on series
reactance , X of the line, bus voltages E1 & E2 and transmission
angle
The profile along the line can be controlled by reactive power
voltage
shunt compensation.
The series line inductive reactance can be controlled by series capacitive
compensation.
The transmission angle can be varied by phase shifting.
Generally the reactive power compensation and phase angle control are
applied by fixed or mechanically switched capacitors, reactors and tap
changing transformers to improve the power transmission.

Speed of operation of mechanically controlled systems are lower

compared to systems
using static devices.

The mechanical devices wear out quickly hence cannot be operated

frequently.
 Introduction (Cont.)
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) using advanced solid state
controllers offer flexibility of system operation through fast and
reliable control. It helps to increase the usable transmission capacity
of lines and to control power flow over designated
transmission lines.

The converter based FACTS controllers generally provide superior

performance characteristics compared to thyristor controlled
FACTS controllers.
 FACTS CONTROLLERS
There are two different approaches to the realization of power
electronic
based FACTS Controllers
i. First group employs reactive impedances with thyristor switches as
controlled elements. The thyristor-controlled static VAR
compensator, thyristor-controlled series capacitor, Thyristor
controlled reactor (TCR), Thyristor switched reactor(TSR) and
thyristor-controlled phase shifter etc

ii. Second group use self commutated static converters as

controlled voltage sources. The FACTS Controllers in this group
are Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static
Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Unified Power Flow
Controller (UPFC)and the Interline Power Flow Controller ( IPFC).
 Introduction (Cont.)
FACTS controllers can control
1. Series impedance
2. Shunt impedance
3. Current
4. Voltage
5. Phase angle
6. Damping of oscillations at various frequencies below rated frequency

Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

It is a shunt-connected static VAR generator or absorbed whose
output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as
to maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical
system(typically bus voltage). SVC is based on thyristors
without gate turn off capability. It includes separate equipment for
lagging and leading VARs; thyristor controlled or thyristor switched
reactor for absorbing
reactive power and thyristor switched capacitor for supplying the
reactive power. This compensator is normally used to regulate the
voltage of the transmission system at a selected terminal. They are
also employed for transient and dynamic stability
 Introduction (Cont.)
ristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

It is a capacitive reactance compensator which consists of a series

capacitor bank shunted by a thyristor-controlled reactor in order to
provide a smoothly variable capacitive reactance TCSC is based on
thyristors without gate turn off capability.
The variable series capacitive compensation is useful in steady state
control of power flow, transient stability improvement, power
oscillations damping and balancing power flow in parallel lines.

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

A STATCOM is a static synchronous generator operated as a
shunt-connected static VAR
compensator whose capacitive or inductive output current can
be controlled independent of system voltage. It can be a
The ability of the STATCOM to produce the current at low system
voltage sourced or current source converter
voltage make
it more effective than SVC in improving transient stability. The ability
of the
STATCOM to generate and absorb reactive power make it suitable for
 Introduction (Cont.)
tic Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
It is a static synchronous generator operated without an external
electric energy source as a series compensator whose output
voltage is in quadrature with, and controllable independently of,
the line current for the purpose of increasing or decreasing the
overall reactive voltage drop across the line and thereby
controlling the transmitted
It is like STATCOM electric
except that the power.
output AC voltage is in series
with the line. Usually the injected voltage in series is very small
compared to the line voltage and the insulation
to ground would be quite high.
nified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
Using a unified power flow controller all the three line parameters,
the voltage, impedance and phase angle, can be controlled to
influence
the real and reactive power flow in AC line. The control of
voltage,
impedance and phase angle can be carried out concurrently or
selectively.
Benefits of Using FACTS Controllers

Some of the benefits that can be achieved by implementation of

FACTS Controllers are
1) Control of power flow
2) Increase in the loading capability of the lines to their thermal limits.
3) Increase in system security
4) Provide secure tie line connections to neighbouring utilities thereby
decreasing the overall generation reserve requirements on both sides.
5) Provide greater flexibility in sitting new generation
6) Reduce reactive power flow and allow the lines to carry more active
power.
7) Reduce loop flows
8) Increase utilization of lowest cost generation.
 More about FACTS-
Power Flow In Parallel Paths

The FACTS technology is a collection of

controllers, which can be applied individually
or in coordination with others to control one
or more of the interrelated system
parameters, such as series impedance,
shunt impedance, current, voltage, and
damping of oscillations.
Different types of series type FACTS
Controllers can be used for
controlling impedance [Figure 1.1(c)]
or phase angle [Figure 1.1(d)], or
series
injection of appropriate voltage (not
shown) and thereby FACTS
Controller can control the
power flow as required.
Power Flow in a Mesh Circuit

A generates 2000MW
B generates 1000MW

Total load of load cen

3000MW

Capacity of
Transmission Line

AB-1000MW
BC-1250 MW
AC-2000MW
 Power Flow in a Mesh Circuit
(Cont.)

Capacity of Transmission Line

AB-1000MW
BC-1250 MW
AC-2000MW

on line BC gets over loaded (at present line BC carries 1600MW > capaci

Impedance of line AC reduces to 5 and real pow

flow through line AC increases from 1400 MW to
1750MW
power flow through the lines AB, BC,
and AC will be 250, 1250,and 1750
MW, respectively.
Power Flow in a Mesh Circuit
(Cont.)

Thyristor controlled reactor in line BC

Thyristor controlled phase angle regulator

in line AC

Thyrstor controller phase regulator is

installed in the third line (AC) to reduce
the total phase-angle difference along
the line so that power transfer
increased in that line
 What limits the Loading
Capability?
Thermal Limit
For overhead line, thermal capability is a function of ambient temperature, wind
conditions, conditions of conductor, and ground clearance. The FACTS technology
can help in making an effective used of new found line capability.

Dielectric Limit

Being designed very conservatively, most lines can increase operation voltage by
10% or even higher. FACTS technology could be used to ensure acceptable over-
voltage and power flow conditions.

Stability Limit

The stability issues that limit the transmission capability include:

transient stability, dynamic stability, steady-state stability, frequency collapse.
Voltage collapse, and sub-synchronous resonance.
The FACTS technology can certainly be used to overcome any of the stability
limits.
 Stability Issues that limits
transmission capacity

1. Transient stability
2. Dynamic Stability
3. Steady state stability
4. Frequency collapse
5. Voltage collapse
6. Sub synchronous resonance

FACTS technology can be used to overcome the stability limit. In that

case ultimate limit would be Thermal & Dielectric
Switch-mode converter for utility
interface

vs vconv vL dis
vL Ls
dt

Assuming vs to be sinusoidal, the fundamental frequency

components of vconv and is can be expressed as phasors Vconv1 and
Is1 respectively. Then,
Vs Vconv1 VL1 VL1 j Ls I s1
 Phasor diagram of switch- mode converter
Real and reactive power control
Consider OBC VL1 Vcov1 Vconv1

sin sin(90 ) cos
VL1 cos Vcov1 sin
VsVL1
Real power supplied from AC source to P Vs I s1 cos P cos
converter Ls
VL1 VL1 Ls I s1
V V
2
I s1
P s conv1 sin Ls VL1 cos Ls I s1 cos Vconv1 sin
Ls Vs
Reactive power supplied
Q Vs I s1 sin

VL1
Q Vs sin
Ls
But VL1 sin VL1 cos(90 ) Vs Vconv1 cos
Vs
Q (Vs Vconv1 cos )
Ls
Vs2 Vconv1
Reactive power supplied by ac sourse Q = 1 cos
Ls Vs
Phasor diagram of switch- mode converter
Rectifier and Inverter modes of operation

(a) (b)

Phasor diagram of switch mode converter during (a) rectifier and (b) inverter
modes of operation
Power Flow and Dynamic stability consideration of
transmission Interconnections
A Simple Example of FACTS

EL Driving voltage drop in the lin

uur uur uur
EL E1 E2
EL
I and lags E L by 900
X

Angle and corresponding driving voltage, or voltage

drop along the line, is small compared to the line
 Power Flow and Dynamic stability consideration of
transmission Interconnections
A Simple Example of FACTS

uur uur uur

EL E1 E2 = Driving Voltage drop

EL
1 2 I and lags E L by 900
X

ce is very small compared to the magnitude of line voltage, magnitude of

ing voltage EL is very small

mple. A transmission line of 200 km length- voltage drop 1% / 10km- during full
20%- or X= 0.2 per unit -corresponding angle = 0.2 radians=11.5 0
rent flow can be controlled by controlling EL, X or

load current = 2000A

se voltage 300 kV- voltage drop /phase = 60kV
 Power Flow and Dynamic stability consideration of
transmission Interconnections
A Simple Example of FACTS

to achieve high degree of control of power (current), the equipment required in s

e would not have very high power rating

ltage = 300kV, Line current 2000A,

put power = (300kV X 2000A) 3= 1800 MVA
e voltage drop 20% =60kV
s compensation of 25%, rating of series compensator = 0.25 X 60kV X 2000 =30
ase = 90 MVA
quipment rating = = 5% of throughput line rating
across the series equipment would be 15kV
 Power Flow and Dynamic stability consideration
of transmission Interconnections (cont.)

angle between the two bus voltages is small current flow largely represents act

asing /decreasing the inductive impedance of the line greatly affects active pow

impedance control is the most cost effective menace of controlling power flow if
between two bus voltages , is small
If is very small
E2 ( E1 sin ) E1 E2
Real Power, P ;
X X
E ( E E2 cos ) E1 ( E1 E2 )
Reactive Power , Q = 1 1 ;
X X
E1 ; E 2 ( E1 E2 ) will be very small
 Power Flow and Dynamic stability consideration of
transmission Interconnections (cont.)
Active and reactive power flow phasor diagram

E2 sin
Active component of current at E1, I p1
X
( E E2 cos )
Reactive component of current at E1, I q1 1
X
E ( E sin )
Active Power at the E1 end , P1 1 2
X
E ( E E2 cos )
Reactive Power at the E1end, Q1 1 1
X

I p1 is the current inphase to E1 and it is due to a voltage to I p1 (=E 2 sin )

I q1 is the current 900 out of phase to E1 and it is due to a voltage to I q1 (=E1 -E 2 cos )
 Power Flow and Dynamic stability consideration of transmission
Interconnections (cont.)
Active and reactive power flow phasor diagram
I p 2 is the current inphase to E 2 and it is due to a voltage to I p2 (=E1 sin )
I q 2 is the current 900 out of phase to E 2 and it is due to a voltage to I q2 (=E 2 -E1 cos )
E1 ( E1 E2 cos )
Reactive Power at the E1end, Q1
X
E1 sin
Active component of current at E 2, I p 2
X
( E E1 cos )
Reactive component of current at E 2, I q 2 2
X
E ( E sin )
Active Power at the E 2 end , P2 2 1
X
E ( E E1 cos )
Reactive Power at the E 2 end, Q 2 2 2
X
Naturally P1 & P2 are same
E2 ( E1 sin )
P
X
Assuming no Active power loss in the line
it is assumed that there are no active power losses in the line. Thus, varying
the value of X will vary P, Q1 and Q2
As per the equations by varying X P, Q1 & Q2 can be varied
 Power Flow and Dynamic stability
consideration of transmission
Interconnections (cont.)
Power angle curve for different values of X
E2 ( E1 sin )
P
X
E1 E2
Pmax
X

As X P

a given power flow, Varying x will correspondingly vary the angle between the tw
 Power Flow and Dynamic stability consideration of
transmission Interconnections (cont.)
Voltage magnitude regulation

Power/Current flow can be controlled by regulating the magnitude of

Phasor E1 or Phasor E2

With change in magnitude of E1 , the magnitude of driving voltage

E1-E2 does not change much but its phase angle does
Regulation of magnitude of voltage Phasor E1 and/or E2 has much
influence over reactive power flow than active power flow

Injected voltage is phase quadrature with the current ie

injected voltage is in phase to driving voltage
it directly influences the magnitude of the current flow, and
with small angle influences substantially the active
power flow
 Power Flow and Dynamic stability consideration
of transmission Interconnections (cont.)
Voltage injected in series can be a phasor with variable magnitude and
phase relationship with the line voltage

Both Active and reactive power flow can be contr

by varying both magnitude and phase angle of volt
injected in series
E2 ( E1 sin )
Real Power, P
X
E ( E E2 cos )
Reactive Power , Q = 1 1
X

FACTS controllers can be used to inject a voltage whose phase

and magnitude can be controlled.
Thus real and reactive power flow can be controlled
 Power Flow and Dynamic stability consideration
of transmission Interconnections (cont.)
f line reactance X (eg. Thyristor controlled capacitor) can provide powe
t control/ real power flow control

e is not large, control of X or the angle provides the control of Active power

angle (with phase angle regulator) controls the driving voltage- controlling
flow and hence power flow

a voltage in series with the line and perpendicular to current flow can
decrease magnitude of current flow. Since current flow lags 900
of reactive power in series(static synchronous series compensation -SSSC)-
nt and hence active power when the angle is not large

EL
I and lags E L by 900
X
Power Flow and Dynamic stability consideration
of transmission Interconnections (cont.)

Injecting voltage in series with the line and with any phase angle with
respect to driving voltage Can control the magnitude and phase of line
current. This means that injecting a voltage Phasor With variable phase
angle can provide powerful means of controlling the active and reactive
power flow. This requires injection of both active and reactive power in
series
Combination of line impedance control with a series controller and a
voltage regulation
with a shunt controller can provide cost-effective menace to control both
active and reactive power flow between the two systems
 Definitions of FACTS Controllers- IEEE
terms and definitions
bility of Electric Power Transmission
ility to accommodate changes in the electric transmission system or operating c
maintaining sufficient steady state & transient margins

ble AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)

ting current transmission systems incorporating power electronic based and oth
lers to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability

S Controller
er electronic based system and other static equipment that provide control of on
e AC transmission system parameter
1. Series impedance
2. Shunt impedance
3. Current
4. Voltage
5. Phase angle
Brief Description and Definitions of
FACTS controllers

Series controllers
Shunt controllers
Combined series-series Controllers
Combined series shunt controllers
 Series controllers
controllers injects voltage in series with the line. Even a variable impedance mul
ent flow through it , represents an injected series voltage in the line
g as the injected voltage is in phase quadrature with line current, series controlle
active power
njected voltage is having any other phase relationship with line current ( eg. usin
d reactive power can be injected into grid

Converter based series controlle

Variable impedance
Variable cap. /inductance
based series controller
 Definitions of FACTS Controllers- IEEE
terms and definitions
Series connected controllers
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

A static Synchronous generator operated without an external

electric energy source as a series compensator whose output
voltage is in quadrature with , and controllable independently of, the
line current for the purpose of increasing or decreasing the overall
reactive voltage drop across the line and thereby controlling the
transmitted electric power. The SSSC may include transiently rated
energy storage or energy absorbing devices to enhance the dynamic
behavior of the power system by additional temporary real power
compensation, to increase or decrease momentarily , the overall real
(resistive)voltage drop across the line
SSSC is like STATCOM
except that output ac
voltage is in series with
the line
 Definitions of FACTS Controllers- IEEE
terms and definitions
Series connected controllers
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)

This is a recently introduced controller

The combination of two or more Static Synchronous Series
Compensators which are coupled via common dc link to facilitate
bi-directional flow of real power between ac terminals of the SSSCs
and are controlled to provide independent reactive compensation
for the adjustment of real power in each line and maintain the
desired distribution of reactive power flow among the lines

Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

A capacitive reactance compensator which consists of a series

capacitor bank shunted by a thyristor controlled reactor in order to
provide a smoothly variable series capacitive reactance
 Definitions of FACTS Controllers- IEEE
terms and definitions
Series connected controllers
Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)

A capacitive reactance compensator which consists of an series

capacitor bank shunted by a series capacitor bank shunted by a
thyristor switched reactor to provide a stepwise control of series
capacitive reactance

Thyristor Controlled Series Reactor (TCSR)

An inductive reactance compensators which consists of a series

reactor shunted by a thyristor controlled reactor in order to provide
a smoothly variable series inductive reactance

Thyristor Switched Series Reactor (TSSR)

An inductive reactance compensator which consists of series reactor

shunted by a thyristor controlled switched reactor in order to provide
a stepwise control of series inductive reactance
Shunt controllers

Shunt Controllers may be variable

impedance, Converter based , or a
combination of these.
In principle, all shunt Controllers inject
current into the system at the point of
connection.
If injected current is in phase quadrature
with the line voltage, the shunt Controller
only supplies or consumes variable
reactive power.
Any other phase relationship will involve
handling of real power as well.
Basic Types of FACTs Controllers (cont.)
 Definitions of FACTS Controllers- IEEE terms and
definitions
Shunt connected controllers (cont.)

tatic Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

tatic Synchronous generator operated as a shunt connected static var compensa
ose capacitive or inductive output current can be controlled independent of the
system voltage

TCOM based on (i) Voltage source converter

Current source converter
is less cost compared to CSC
SC ac output voltage is controlled so as to get
uired reactive current flow
bus voltage is automatically adjusted to serve as voltage source for the converte

TCOM can also be designed as Active filter to absorb system harmonic

 Definitions of FACTS Controllers- IEEE
terms and definitions
Shunt connected controllers
Synchronous Generator (SSG) STATCOM with active power source on d
injected current include active power

self commutated switching power converter supplied from an appropriate

energy source and operated to produce a set of adjustable multiphase output
, which may be coupled to an ac power system for the purpose of exchanging
dently Controllable real and reactive power

combination of STATCOM and energy source (battery, flywheel, superconducting

storage capacitor, another rectifier/inverter etc.) to supply or absorb power
ronic interface known as chopper is generally is needed between energy source
verter
the energy source serves to appropartely compensate capacitor charge through
e and maintain required capacitor voltage
 Definitions of FACTS Controllers- IEEE
terms and definitions
Shunt connected controllers
Battery Energy Storage system (BESS)

chemical based energy storage system using shunt connected voltage source
onverters capable of rapidly adjusting the amount of energy which is supplied to
r absorbed from an ac source

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

Superconducting electromagnetic energy storage device containing

ectronic converters that rapidly injects and/or absorbs real and/or
active power or dynamically control s power flow in an ac system
 Definitions of FACTS Controllers- IEEE
terms and definitions
Shunt connected controllers
c Var Compensator (SVC)

- connected static var generator or absorber whose output is adjusted to exchan

ive or inductive current so as to maintain or control specific parameters of the e
system (typically bus voltage)

yristor Controlled reactor (TCR)

unt connected thyristor controlled inductor whose effective
tance is varied in a continuous manner by partial- conduction
e thyristor valve

yristor Switched Reactor (TSR)

unt- connected thyristor switched inductor whose effective
tance Is varied in stepwise manner by full or zero conduction
ation of the thyristor valve
 Definitions of FACTS Controllers- IEEE
terms and definitions
Shunt connected controllers
hyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)

hunt connected thyristor connected capacitor whose effective reactance is varied

stepwise manner by full or zero conduction operation of the thyristor valve

is also a subset of SVC in which thyristor based switches are used to switch in
out (without firing angle control) shunt capacitor units in order to achieve the r
p change in the reactive power supplied to the system
 Definitions of FACTS Controllers- IEEE
terms and definitions
Shunt connected controllers
Var Generator or Absorber (SVG)

electrical device, equipment, or system that is capable of drawing controlled

ve and/or inductive current from an electrical power system and there by genera
rbing reactive power. Generally considered to consist of shunt connected ,
r controlled reactor(s) and/or thyristor switched capacitors

C and the STATCOM are static var generators with appropriate control loops to va
outputs as to meet specific compensation objectives

c Var System (SVS)

nation of different static and mechanically switched var compensators whose

are coordinated

stor Controlled Braking Resistor (TCBR)

connected thyristor switched resistor, which is controlled to aid stabilization

er system or to minimize power acceleration of generating unit during a disturba
Combined shunt and series
connected controllers
 Definitions of FACTS Controllers- IEEE
terms and definitions
Shunt and Series connected controllers
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

A combination of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and a

Static Synchronous Series compensator (SSSC) which are coupled via
a common DC link, to allow bidirectional flow of real power between
the series output terminals of the SSSC and shunt output terminal of
the STATCOM, and are controlled to provide concurrent real and
reactive series line compensation without an external electric energy
source. The UPFC, by means of angularly unconstrained series voltage
injection., is able to control concurrently or selectively, transmission
line voltage, impedance, and angle or, alternatively, the real and
reactive power flow in the line. UPFC may also provide independently
Incontrollable
UPFC, which combines
shunt reactiveacompensation
STATCOM and an
SSSC, active power for the series unit (SSSC) is
obtained from the line itself via shunt unit
STATCOM.; later is also used for voltage control
with control of its reactive power.
This is a complete Controller for controlling
active and reactive power control through the
line, as well as line voltage control
 Definitions of FACTS Controllers- IEEE
terms and definitions
Shunt and Series connected controllers

Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer

(TCPST)

A phase- shifting transformer adjusted by thyristor switches to

provide a rapidly variable phase voltage

The perpendicular series voltage is made

variable with a variety of power electronics
topologies
 Definitions of FACTS Controllers- IEEE
terms and definitions
Shunt and Series connected controllers

Interphase Power Controller (IPC)

A series connected controller of active and reactive power

consisting, in each phase, of inductive and capacitive branches
subjected to separately phase-shifted voltage. The active and
reactive power can be set independently by adjusting phase shifts
and/or the branch impedance using mechanical or electronic
switches. In the particular case where the inductive and capacitive
impedance form a conjugate pair each terminal of the IPC is a
passive current source dependent on the voltage at the other
terminal
 Relative Importance of Different
Types of Controllers
For a given MVA size, the series controller is several times
more powerful than the shunt controller in application of
controlling the power/current flow.
Drawing from or injecting current into the line, the shunt
controller is a good way to control voltage at and around
the point of connection.
The shunt controller serves the bus node independently of
the individual lines connected to the bus.
Series connected controllers have to be designed to ride
through contingency and dynamic overloads, and ride
through or bypass short circuit currents.
A combination of series and shunt controllers can
provide the best of effective power/current flow and
line voltage.
FACTS controllers may be based on thyristor devices with
no gate turn-off or with power devices with gate turn-off
capability.
The principle controllers are based on the dc to ac
converters with bidirectional power flow capability.
 Relative Importance of Different
Types of Controllers(cont.)
Energy storage systems are needed when active power is
involved in the power flow.
Battery, capacitor, superconducting magnet, or any other
source of energy can be added in parallel through an
electronic interface to replenish the converters dc storage.
A controller with storage is more effective for controlling the
system dynamics.
A converter-based controller can be designed with high
pulse order or pulse width modulation to reduce the low
order harmonic generation to a very low level.
A converter can be designed to generate the correct
waveform in order to act as an active filter.
A converter can also be controlled and operated in a way
that it balances the unbalanced voltages, involving transfer
of energy between phases.
A converter can do all of these beneficial things
simultaneously I the converter is so designed.
Benefits from FACTS Technology
 Definitions of FACTS Controllers- IEEE
terms and definitions
Series connected controllers
Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)

A capacitive reactance compensator which consists of an series

capacitor bank shunted by a series capacitor bank shunted by a
thyristor switched reactor to provide a stepwise control of series
capacitive reactance

Thyristor Controlled Series Reactor (TCSR)

An inductive reactance compensators which consists of a series

reactor shunted by a thyristor controlled reactor in order to provide
a smoothly variable series inductive reactance

Thyristor Switched Series Reactor (TSSR)

An inductive reactance compensator which consists of series reactor

shunted by a thyristor controlled switched reactor in order to provide
a stepwise control of series inductive reactance
Voltage source Converters (cont.)
Voltage source Converters (cont.)

In inverter mode of operation , injected current is

in phase to the grid voltage
Power flows from DC source to AC grid
 Voltage source Converters (cont.)

In rectifier mode of operation , injected current is 180

out of phase with grid voltage
Power flows from AC grid to DC source
Schematic diagram of a 3-phase
hysteresis controller

di VL
slope of inductor current
dt L
VL Voltage across inductor

Error = Actual current-Reference current

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

61
TCR
 Hysteresis controller (cont.)

R1 R2

R1
hb Vsat
R1 R2

Electrical & Electronics Dept. GEC,

62
TCR
 Thyristor Controlled Braking
Resistor (TCBR)-Dynamic Brake
A shunt-connected thyristor-switched resistor, which is controlled to
aid stabilization of a power system or to minimize power acceleration
of a generating unit during a disturbance.

TCBR involves cycle-by-cycle switching of a

resistor with a thyristor-based ac switch with
firing angle control

For lower cost, TCBR may be thyristo

switched- without firing angle control
with firing control, half-cycle by half-cycl
firing control can be utilized to selectivel
damp low-frequency oscillations.
 One-line diagram of Thyristor-
Controlled Braking Resistor
TCBR is also referred to as Dynamic B

TCBR is controlled on or off, half-cycle by half-cycle to aid stabilization of power

system transients and subsynchronous oscillations by reducing the net availabl
energy for acceleration and hence speed deviation of the generating unit durin
a disturbance

Wye- and delta-connected TC

 Thyristor-Controlled Braking Resistor
(Cont.)

CBR can be utilized for variety of functions:

1. Prevent transient instability during the first power system swing

cycle, by immediately taking away the power that would otherwise
be used in accelerating the generator.
2. Enhance damping to prevent dynamic instability involving low
frequency
oscillations between interconnected ac systems.
3. Damp subsynchronous resonance (SSR) resulting from series
capacitor compensation

4.Facilitate
A TCBR can synchronizing a turbine-generator.
often be the lowest cost, and Out-of-phase
a simple, highly
synchronizing of a turbine-generator
reliable FACfS Controller can produce shaft torques more
The than
severe bestalocation for a TCBR
bolted three-phase is near
fault at theagenerator
generator that would
need braking during transient instability conditions.
The three phase legs may be connected in wye or delta
 Assignment 1

esign and Operation of Thyristor-Controlled Braking Resistor power angle diagra

h and without TCBR- analysis based on equal area criterion