A mental disorder, also called a mental illness[1] or

psychiatric disorder, is a diagnosis by a mental health

professional of a behavioral or mental pattern that may
cause suffering or a poor ability to function in life
Mental disorders are usually defined by a combination
of how a person behaves, feels, perceives, or thinks
A mental disorder is one aspect of mental health.
 According to DSM-IV, a mental disorder is a psycholog-
ical syndrome or pattern which is associated with
distress (e.g. via a painful symptom), disability
(impairment in one or more important areas of
functioning), increased risk of death, or causes a
significant loss of autonomy
Common mental disorders include depression, which af-
fects about 400 million, dementia which affects about
35 million, and schizophrenia, which affects about 21
mil- lion people globally
 There are currently two widely established systems that
classify mental disorders;
ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disor- ders,
since 1949 part of the International Classifica- tion of
Diseases produced by the WHO, the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) produced
by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) since
1952.
 Anxiety or fear that interferes with normal function- ing
may be classified as an anxiety disorder.[16] Com-
monly recognized categories include specific phobias,
generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder,
panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive
disor- der and post-traumatic stress disorder
 Other affective (emotion/mood) processes can also be-
come disordered. Mood disorder involving unusually in-
tense and sustained sadness, melancholia, or despair is
known as major depression (also known as unipolar or
clinical depression). Milder but still prolonged
depression can be diagnosed as dysthymia. Bipolar
disorder (also known as manic depression) involves
abnormally high
or pressured mood states, known as mania or
hypomania, alternating with normal or depressed mood
 Psychotic disorders in this domain include
schizophrenia, and delusional disorder. Schizoaffective
disorder is a category used for individu- als showing
aspects of both schizophrenia and affective disorders.
Schizotypy is a category used for individu- als showing
some of the characteristics associated with
schizophrenia but without meeting cutoff criteria
 personality disorders in gen- eral are defined as emerging in childhood, or
at least by adolescence or early adulthood. The ICD also has a cate- gory
for enduring personality change after a catastrophic experience or
psychiatric illness
Personalitythe fundamental characteristics of a person that influence
thoughts and behaviors across situations and timemay be considered
disordered if judged to be abnormally rigid and maladaptive
A number of differ- ent personality disorders are listed, including those
some- times classed as eccentric, such as paranoid, schizoid and
schizotypal personality disorders; types that have de- scribed as
dramatic or emotional, such as antisocial, borderline, histrionic or
narcissistic personality disor- ders; and those sometimes classed as fear-
related, such as anxious-avoidant, dependent, or obsessive-compulsive
personality disorders
 Eating disorders involve disproportionate concern in
mat- ters of food and weight. Categories of disorder in
this area include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa,
exercise bulimia or binge eating disorder.
 Sleep disorders such as insomnia involve disruption to
normal sleep patterns, or a feeling of tiredness despite
sleep appearing normal.
Sexual disorders and gender dysphoria may be
diagnosed, including dyspareunia and ego-dystonic
homosexuality. Various kinds of paraphilia are
considered mental disor- ders (sexual arousal to objects,
situations, or individuals that are considered abnormal
or harmful to the person or others).
 People who are abnormally unable to resist certain
urges or impulses that could be harmful to themselves
or oth- ers, may be classed as having an impulse control
dis- order, and disorders such as kleptomania (stealing)
or pyromania (fire-setting). Various behavioral
addictions, such as gambling addiction, may be classed
as a disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder can
sometimes involve an inability to resist certain acts but
is classed separately as being primarily an anxiety
disorder.
 The use of drugs (legal or illegal, including alcohol),
when it persists despite significant problems related to
its use, may be defined as a mental disorder.
People who suffer severe disturbances of their self-
identity, memory and general awareness of themselves
and their surroundings may be classed as having a
dissociative identity disorder, such as depersonalization
disorder or Dissociative Identity Disorder itself (which
has also been called multiple personality disorder, or
split personality). Other memory or cognitive
disorders include amnesia or various kinds of old age
dementia.
 A range of developmental disorders that initially oc- cur
in childhood may be diagnosed, for example autism
spectrum disorders, oppositional defiant disorder and
conduct disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity dis-
order (ADHD), which may continue into adulthood.
Conduct disorder, if continuing into adulthood, may be
diagnosed as antisocial personality disorder (dissocial
personality disorder in the ICD). Popularist labels such
as psychopath (or sociopath) do not appear in the DSM
or ICD but are linked by some to these diagnoses.
 In terms of total Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which is an estimate of
how many years of life are lost due
to premature death or to being in a state of poor health and disability, mental
disorders rank amongst the most disabling conditions. Unipolar (also known as
Major) de- pressive disorder is the third leading cause of disability worldwide, of
any condition mental or physical, account- ing for 65.5 million years lost. The
total DALY does not necessarily indicate what is the most individually dis-
abling, because it also depends on how common a condi- tion is; for example,
schizophrenia is found to be the most individually disabling mental disorder on
average but is less common. Alcohol-use disorders are also high in the overall
list, responsible for 23.7 million DALYs globally, while other drug-use disorders
accounted for 8.4 million. Schizophrenia causes a total loss of 16.8 million
DALY, and bipolar disorder 14.4 million. Panic disorder leads to 7 million years
lost, obsessive-compulsive disorder 5.1, primary insomnia 3.6, and post-
traumatic stress disorder 3.5 million DALYs
 The first ever systematic description of global disability arising in youth,
published in 2011, found that among 10- to 24-year-olds nearly half of all
disability (current and as estimated to continue) was due to mental and neuro-
logical conditions, including substance use disorders and conditions involving
self-harm. Second to this were ac- cidental injuries (mainly traffic collisions)
accounting for 12 percent of disability, followed by communicable dis- eases at
10 percent. The disorders associated with most disability in high income
countries were unipolar major depression (20%) and alcohol use disorder
(11%). In the eastern Mediterranean region it was unipolar major de- pression
(12%) and schizophrenia (7%), and in Africa it was unipolar major depression
(7%) and bipolar disorder (5%).[35]
Suicide, which is often attributed to some underlying mental disorder, is a
leading cause of death among teenagers and adults under 35.[36][37] There
are an esti- mated 10 to 20 million non-fatal attempted suicides every year
worldwide.
 People who suffer severe disturbances of their self-
identity, memory and general awareness of themselves
and their surroundings may be classed as having a
dissociative identity disorder, such as depersonalization
disorder or Dissociative Identity Disorder itself (which
has also been called multiple personality disorder, or
split personality). Other memory or cognitive
disorders include amnesia or various kinds of old age
dementia.
 Risk factors for mental illness include genetic inheritance, such as parents having depression,[39] or a
propensity for high neuroticism [40] [41] or emotional instability.
In depression, parenting risk factors include parental un- equal treatment,[42] and there is association with
high cannabis use.[43]
In schizophrenia and psychosis, risk factors include mi- gration and discrimination, childhood trauma,
bereave- ment or separation in families, and abuse of drugs,[44] in- cluding cannabis,[43] and urbanicity.
[45]
In anxiety risk factors may include family history (e.g. of
Basic activities of daily living. Including looking af- ter the self (health care, grooming, dressing, shop- ping,
cooking etc.) or looking after accommodation (chores, DIY tasks etc.)
Interpersonal relationships. Including communication skills, ability to form relation- ships and sustain them,
ability to leave the home or mix in crowds or particular settings
Occupational functioning. Ability to acquire a job and hold it, cognitive and social skills required for the job,
dealing with workplace culture, or studying as a student.
In terms of total Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which is an estimate of how many years of life are
lost due
to premature death or to being in a state of poor health and disability, mental disorders rank amongst the
most disabling conditions. Unipolar (also known as Major) de- pressive disorder is the third leading cause of
 disability worldwide, of any condition mental or physical, account- ing for 65.5 million years lost. The
total DALY does not necessarily indicate what is the most individually dis- abling, because it also
depends on how common a condi- tion is; for example, schizophrenia is found to be the most
individually disabling mental disorder on average but is less common. Alcohol-use disorders are also
high in the overall list, responsible for 23.7 million DALYs globally, while other drug-use disorders
accounted for 8.4 million. Schizophrenia causes a total loss of 16.8 million DALY, and bipolar disorder
14.4 million. Panic disorder leads to 7 million years lost, obsessive-compulsive disorder 5.1, primary
insomnia 3.6, and post-traumatic stress disorder 3.5 million DALYs.[34]
The first ever systematic description of global disability arising in youth, published in 2011, found that
among 10- to 24-year-olds nearly half of all disability (current and as estimated to continue) was due
to mental and neuro- logical conditions, including substance use disorders and conditions involving
self-harm. Second to this were ac- cidental injuries (mainly traffic collisions) accounting for 12 percent
of disability, followed by communicable dis- eases at 10 percent. The disorders associated with most
disability in high income countries were unipolar major depression (20%) and alcohol use disorder
(11%). In the eastern Mediterranean region it was unipolar major de- pression (12%) and schizophrenia
(7%), and in Africa it was unipolar major depression (7%) and bipolar disorder (5%).[35]
Suicide, which is often attributed to some underlying mental disorder, is a leading cause of death
among teenagers and adults under 35.[36][37] There are an esti- mated 10 to 20 million non-fatal
attempted suicides every year worldwide.[38]
 anxiety), temperament and attitudes (e.g. pessimism),[46] and parenting factors
including parental rejection, lack of parental warmth, high hostility, harsh discipline, high
maternal negative affect, anxious childrearing, modelling of dysfunctional and drug-
abusing behaviour, and child abuse (emotional, physical and sexual).[47]
Environmental events surrounding pregnancy and birth have also been implicated.
Traumatic brain injury may increase the risk of developing certain mental disorders. There
have been some tentative inconsistent links found to certain viral infections, to substance
misuse, and to general physical health.
Social influences have been found to be important,[48] in- cluding abuse, neglect,
bullying, social stress, traumatic events and other negative or overwhelming life expe-
riences. For bipolar disorder, stress (such as child- hood adversity) is not a specific cause,
but does place genetically and biologically vulnerable individuals at risk for a more severe
course of illness.[49] The spe- cific risks and pathways to particular disorders are less
clear, however. Aspects of the wider community have also been implicated,[45] including
employment prob- lems, socioeconomic inequality, lack of social cohesion, problems
linked to migration, and features of particular societies and cultures.
 Correlations of mental disorders with drug use in- clude
cannabis,[43] alcohol[50] and caffeine,[51] use of which
appears to promote anxiety.[52] For psychosis and
schizophrenia, usage of a number of drugs has been
associated with development of the disorder, includ- ing
cannabis, cocaine, and amphetamines.[53] There has been
debate regarding the relationship between usage of cannabis
and bipolar disorder
Although researchers have been looking for decades for clear
linkages between genetics and mental disorders to provide
better diagnosis and facilitate the develop- ment of better
treatments, that work has yielded almost nothing
 One in four people in the world will be affected by
mental or neurological disorders at some point in their
lives. Around 450 million people currently suffer from
such conditions, placing mental disorders among the
leading causes of ill-health and disability worldwide.
Over a 12-month period, 27 percent of adults in the
U.S. will experience some sort of mental health
disorder, making the U.S. the country with the highest
prevalence. Mental health disorders include mood
disorders, anxiety disorders, attention
deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and substance abuse.
 The World Health Organization (2013) estimates that,
worldwide, 20% of adolescents in any given year may
experience a mental health problem
According to the WHO, social determinants of health,
including mental health, are the circumstances in which
people are born, grow, live, work and age. These
conditions are in uenced by the distribution of money,
power and resources operating at global, national and
local levels
Examples of determinants of Mental
health
 In 2010, mental health and behavioural problems (e.g.
depression, anxiety and drug use) were reported to be
the primary drivers of disability worldwide, causing over
40 million years of disability in 20 to 29-year-olds
According to the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study,
the most predominant mental health problems
worldwide are depression and anxiety
The 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study found major
depression to be the second leading cause of disability
worldwide and a major contributor to the burden of
suicide and ischemic heart disease
 Globally, up to 90% of people diagnosed with anxiety
and depression are treated in primary care. However,
there are many individuals who are undiagnosed and
therefore do not seek treatment
 Prevalensi gangguan jiwa berat pada penduduk
Indonesia 1,7 per mil. Gangguan jiwa berat terbanyak di
DI Yogyakarta, Aceh, Sulawesi Selatan, Bali, dan Jawa
Tengah. Proporsi RT yang pernah memasung ART
gangguan jiwa berat 14,3 persen dan terbanyak pada
penduduk yang tinggal di perdesaan (18,2%), serta
pada kelompok penduduk dengan kuintil indeks
kepemilikan terbawah (19,5%). Prevalensi gangguan
mental emosional pada penduduk Indonesia 6,0 persen.
Provinsi dengan prevalensi ganguan mental emosional
tertinggi adalah Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Selatan,
Jawa Barat, DI Yogyakarta, dan Nusa Tenggara Timur.