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BY : MALARVILY VASU, SARRANHYAAH SUBRAMANIAM, EUNICE CHUAH MING HUI, DACHAIINII THEERAN
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cells Cells
They are comparatively larger in
They are very minute in size.
size.
Nuclear region (nucleoid) is not
Nucleus is surrounded by a
enveloped by a nuclear
double membrane layer.
membrane.
More than one chromosomeare
Single chrmosome present.
present.
Nucleolus is absent. Nucleolus ispresent.
Membrane bound organelles are Membrane bound organelles are
absent. present.
Multiplication of cell is by fission
Cell division by mitosis or meiosis.
or budding.
Cell Walls presnt, which are Cell walls seen in only plant cells,
chemically complex. which are chemically simpler.
Cell type is usually unicellular. Usually multicellular cells.
Cell size is 1-10m Cell size 10 - 100m.
Four different deoxynucleotides, or nucleotides, the structural units of DNA, are assembled into long polymers of
DNA strands, ornucleic acids. Prior to assembly, they are in the form of nucleotide triphosphates similar to ATP.
DNA Nucleotides
Each nucleotide contains three parts: a phosphate group, the sugar deoxyribose, and one of four nitrogen bases.
The four bases of DNA, their designations and their triphosphate form areadenine(dATP),guanine
(dGTP),thymine(dTTP), andcytosine(dCTP).
In 1950,Chargafdeveloped the principle ofbase-pairing. He determined the relative amounts of A, T, C, and G in a
variety of cells, proving that A = T and C = G and that there is exactly as much purine (adenine and guanine) in the
nucleus as there is pyrimidine (thymine and cytosine).
Through the use ofX-ray crystallography, Wilkins andFranklindetermined that DNA was double stranded and
could form a helix.
GENETIC TRANSFER AND RECOMBINATION
TRANSFORMATION
CONJUGATION
TRANSDUCTION
Example of plasmid in MRSA (methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus)
A single MRSA plasmid that conferred
resistance to the penicillin and
streptomycin families of antibiotics, as
well as two other antibiotics and a
disinfectant commonly found in wet
wipes. Since the genes are physically
attached together, selecting for one of
those resistance genes lets the others
hitchhike to high frequency. So exposing
a bacterial population to say,
streptomycin, may also unintentionally
favour the evolution of a strain that
resists the other antibiotics as well.
TRANSPORONS
Transposons are
sequences of DNA that
carry their own
recombination enzymes
that allow for
transposition from one
location to another;
transposons can also
carry antibiotic-
resistance genes.
Griffiths Experiment
Phenomena is known as
transformation
Mutation
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
Reciprocal
Nonreciprocal
Point Mutation
Silent Mutation
No observable effect on phenotype
Missense Mutation
Have little effect on protein
Nonsense Mutation
Cause translation to terminate prematurely
Nucleotide Pair Insertion or Deletion
Frameshift Mutation
Occur when number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three
Nondisjunction
Error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous
chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each
other
Mutagents
Physical and chemical agents
Total 47 chromosomes
Monosomy X (X0)
Turner syndrome
Disorders Caused by Structurally Altered
Chromosomes
Cri du chat
Cry of the cat
Sickle-cell disease
Mutation of a single nucleotide pair in the gene
that encodes the beta-globin polypeptide of
hemoglobin
Familial Cardiomyopathy
Heart condition
PATHOGENIC
MICROBES
-Factors that make the
character of pathogenic
microbes (fungi and bacteria)
-Use of cell structure
-Enzymes and toxins which aid
microbes.
Bacteria Cell wall structure.
Bacteria mechanism of attack
Enters Releasing
tissue factor
-digest
connective
tissue
barriers White blood cells
Competitio
n
Bacteria multiply
in the white blood
cell then burst-
release endotoxins
Releases
antibodies
Pathogenic bacteria.
citrus canker (Xanthomonus Campestris)