Introduction to signals

Chapter 1 Introduction
Signals & Systems
Classification of Signals
Classification Of System
Fourier Transform
Properties of Fourier Transforms
Signals and Systems
a) Signal
A function of one/more variable which convey information on the
natural of a physical phenomenon.
Examples : human speech, sound, light, temperature, current etc

b) Systems
An entity that processes of manipulates one or more signals to
accomplish a function, thereby yielding new signal.
Example: telephone connection
Classification of Signals
There are several classes of signals :
Continuous time and discrete time signals
Analog and digital signals
Real and Complex signals
Even and Odd Signals
Energy and power signals
Periodic and aperiodic signals
 Continuous time and
discrete time signals
Continuous signals : signal that is specified for a continuum (ALL)
values time t .
: can be described mathematically by continuous
function of time as :

Discrete time signals : signal that is specified only at discrete values

of t .
 Analog and digital signals
Analog signals : signal whose amplitude can take on any value in a
continuous range.

Digital signals : signal whose amplitude can take only a finite

number of values
(signal which associated with computer since involve binary 1 / 0 )
 Deterministic and
probabilistic signals
Deterministic signals : a signal whose physical description is
known completely either in a mathematical form or a graphical form
and its future value can be determined.

Probabilistic signals : a signal whose values cannot be predicted

precisely but are known only in terms of probabilistic value such
as mean value / mean-squared value and therefore the signal
cannot be expressed in mathematical form.
 Energy and power signals

Energy signals : a signal with finite energy signal .

Power signals : a signal with finite and nonzero power .
 Periodic and a periodic
signal
Periodic signals : signal that repeats itself within a specific time or
in other words, any function that satisfies :
f (t) = f (t +T)
where T is a constant and is called the fundamental period of the
function.

A periodic signals : signal that does not repeats itself and

therefore does not have the fundamental period.
 Even and Odd
A signal x ( t ) or x[n] is referred to as an even signal if
x(-t)=x(r), x[-n]=x[n]

A signal x ( t ) or x[n] is referred to as an odd signal if

x(-t)=-x(t),x[-n]=-x[n]
 Energy and Power Signals
Based on the definition, the following classes of signals are defined :

a) x(t) is energy signal if and only if 0 < E < so that P = 0.

b) x(t) is a power signal if and only if 0 < P < thus implying that
E =.
c) Signals that satisfy neither property are therefore neither energy
nor power signals.
Classification Of System
Linear : y(t) = ay1(t) + by2(t) (superposition applied)

Non linear : y(t) ay1(t) + by2(t) (superposition not applied )

where :
If an excitation x1[t] causes a response y1[t] and an excitation
x2 [t] causes a
response y2[n] , then an excitation :
x [t = ax1[t] + bx2[t] (to be presented as y(t) in solution)
will cause the response
y [t] = ay1[t] + by2[t]
 Causal : the output does not depends on future but can
depends on the past or the present input..

Non-causal : the output depends on future input.

Time variant : y2 (t) y1 (t- to)
: same input produces different output at different time.

Time invariant : y2 (t) = y1 (t- to)

: same input produces same output at different time.
where :
y1 (t- to) is the output corresponding to the time shifting , (t- to) at y1 (t)
y2(t) is the output corresponding to the input x2(t) where x2(t) = x1 (t- to)
 What is Fourier
Transform
Fourier Transform, named after Joseph Fourier,
Fourier is a
mathematical transformation employed to transform signals
between time(or spatial) domain and frequency domain.

It is a tool that breaks a waveform (a function or signal) into an

alternate representation, characterized by sine and cosines.

It shows that any waveform can be re-written as the weighted

sum of sinusoidal functions.
 Properties of Fourier
Transforms
Linearity
Scaling a function scales it's transform pair. Adding two functions
corresponds to adding the two frequency spectrum.
 Scaling Property
If

Then
 Time Differentiation
If

Then

Convolution Property
If

Then
 Frequency-shift Property
If

Then

Time-Shift Property
If

Then

In other words, a shift in time corresponds to a change in phase in the Fourier transform.