Chapter (8)

MATERIALS SELECTION
AND
QUALITY MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
Elements Of
Design
A pipeline system consists of
three of major segments
GATHERING- 1
2- TRANSMISSION
3- DISTRIBUTION
 Gathering pipelines
Group of smaller
interconnected pipelines
forming complex networks
with the purpose of bringing
crude oil or natural gas from
several nearby wells to a
treatment plant or
processing facility.
 In this group, pipelines are usually
short- a couple of hundred meters-
and with small diameters. Also sub-
sea pipelines for collecting product
from deep water production
platforms are considered gathering
systems.
 Transportation
pipelines
Mainly long pipes with large
diameters, moving products (oil, gas,
refined products) between cities,
countries and even continents. These
transportation networks include
several compressor stations in gas
lines or pump stations for crude and
multiproducts pipelines.
 Distribution
pipelines
Composed of several
interconnected pipelines
with small diameters,
used to take the
products to the final
consumer. Feeder lines
 Pipelines at
terminals for
distributing
products to
tanks and
storage
facilities are
included in this
Material Design And
Selection
 The primary
performance
criteria that
are reviewed
and considered
: are
Fracture control capabilities
Material strength
Chemical
composition/weldability
Dimensional tolerances
Inspection requirements
Hydrauli
c design
 Hydraulic Design

Generally need to deliver oil or gas at

a specified flow rate and pressure
Hydraulic design required for
preliminary selection of pipeline
diameter
Fluid must be kept above a minimum
velocity
Minimise surging
Prevent build up of solids

Fluid flow must be below a maximum

velocity
Prevent erosion
Optimise pumping requirements
 Hydraulic Design
Hydrocarbons for transport may be
Liquid (incompressible: straightforward to analyse)
Gas (compressible & properties vary along pipe:
more challenging to analyse)
Multi-phase (e.g. gas & condensate)
(highly complex)
 Fluid Velocities

For liquid lines:

Max velocity 4 m/sec
Min velocity 1 m/sec

For gas lines:

Max velocity 18-25 m/sec
Min velocity 4-5 m/sec

Trade off between -

CAPEX (Large pipe diameter)
and - OPEX (Lower pumping
costs)
 Pressure Drop

Pressure drop in liquid pipelines is

principally due to

Change in elevation (described

by change in hydraulic head, or
Pressure = gh )

Friction loss
 h2hfD
LD
A
R
C
Y
2
LFANIGLV2g
2
Friction Loss
Calculation

There are two equations that may be

used for calculating the friction loss

Darcy-Weisbach

Fanning

So, fDARCY =
4fFANNING
Oil
pipelines

Gas
pipelines


6fDARCYR4e
Friction Loss Calculation

For Laminar Flow

For Turbulent Flow

Moody Chart
For Re <
2300

use the

For Re >
4000

Depends on pipe relative roughness



fDARCYlog10/D
371/RefDARCY
0
.
25
Friction Loss
Calculation

2
The results of the Moody chart can
also be described by the Colebrook
Formula:

where: /D = pipe relative roughness

Internal Pressure Design

Pipe wall thickness

is primarily driven
by the need for
pressure
containment
Design for internal
pressure is based
on consideration of
hoop stress in pipe
wall
Calculation of
Hoop Stress

Consider FBD of half of a thin-walled

pipe

t Pd
R
d
R
Calculation of
Hoop Stress

For a small element Rd vertical

force due to pressure is: PRd
sin() (per unit length)

PRd

R
d sin()

t Pd
R
F F Also note that P is
really PINTERNAL -
PEXTERNAL = P
 Calculation of
Hoop Stress

Integrating over the circumference

gives
2

2 F 2 PR sin( )d
0

2 PR

F PR
t Pd
R
d
R
Calculation of
Hoop Stress

Stress (per unit length) in

circumferential direction is:

F PR PD
HOOP
A t 2t
or, rearranging:

PD
t Pd
R
d
R
t
2 HOOP
Calculation of
Hoop Stress

Pipeline Design Codes usually have

an equation for calculating the pipe
wall thickness which is similar in
form to this

( PINT PEXT ) D
t
2 FD SMYS
FD is a design factor (safety
factor) SMYS is the material
Yield Stress
Pipe Wall Thickness

Other factors which may add to

wall thickness:

Corrosion allowance

Design against accidental

damage
 Standard Sizes

Pipeline sizes (diameters and wall

thickness) have been standardized
Relevant standard is American
Petroleum Institute (API) Specification
for Linepipe 5L, 42 Ed., 2000
nd

Often quoted in nominal diameter

(inches) & wall thickness (or
SCHEDULE)
 Linepipe Sizes

Small diameter linepipe is usually

seamless i.e. no longitudinal weld
Larger diameter linepipe is rolled from
plate and has a longitudinal weld
Control of wall thickness is usually
much better on welded linepipe
For large linepipe orders (long
pipelines) it is possible to order a
specific wall thickness may results in
savings
Standard pipe lengths are 12 or 18
meters
 Material Selection

Selection of pipeline material can be

important in determining overall
cost
Fundamental criteria include:
Corrosion resistance
Strength
Toughness
Ductility
Weldability
Availability
Cost
 Material Selection

Key information for material

selection includes:
Maximum operating pressure
Pipe dimensions
Maximum and minimum operating
temperature
Composition of fluids (including presence
of water)
Presence of H2S, CO2, Chlorides, etc.
Design life of pipeline
 Material Selection

Important Material types include:

Low alloy (Carbon-Manganese)
steels X42 X65 X80
SMYS = 80ksi
low Med High

Duplex Stainless Steel (e.g. 22% Cr

5% Ni)

Austenitic Stainless Steel (e.g. 18% Cr

8% Ni)

Titanium (centenary risers only)

Pipe lines materials

Pipe lines may be

manufactured from
several materials
such as :
Cast iron pipe line
cast iron pipe line, which is
widely used for acid
carrying and water lines.
These industrial pipe lines
are designed for resisting
impacts and can carry
heavy loads. Our pipe lines
have the features such as
precise designed resistance
to corrosion.
Also ,pipe lines may be
manufactured from :
% mild steel
% stainless steel
Some kinds of
pipe line