WASTEWATER

COLLECTION SYSTEMS
EAT 356
LECTURE 1
Ir Basuki bin
Baharom
Sept/Oct 2016
 WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS
OBJECTIVE:
EXPLAIN/DESCRIBE STORM WATER SYSTEM AND
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM, INCLUDES:
SEWER PROFILE
MANHOLES
SERVICE CONNECTIONS
MEASURING & SAMPLING OF FLOW IN SEWERS
SEWER PIPES & JOINTING
SEWER INSTALLATIONS
SEWER TESTING
WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS

BASIC DEFINITIONS
SEWAGE
SEWER
SEWERAGE
WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS

BASIC DEFINITIONS
SEWAGE
IT IS MAINLY LIQUID WASTE CONTAINING
SOME SOLIDS PRODUCED BY HUMANS AND
INDUSTRY.
FOUL WATER , WASTE WATER.
GREY WATER - NON FAECAL. FROM WASHING
BLACK WATER-CONTAINS FAECAL MATTER. IT
NEEDS FULL TREATMENT.
WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS

BASIC DEFINITIONS
Sewer
An artificial conduit (or pipe) or system
of conduits used to convey sewage from
source to sewage treatment facility.
WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS
BASIC DEFINITIONS
Sewerage
The system of sewers that conveys wastewater
(sewage) to a treatment plant or disposal point.
It includes all the chambers, manholes, gravity
mains, pumps, rising mains, air valves, washouts etc
 WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS
WHAT IS COMBINE SEWER
COMBINED SEWERS WERE BUILT TO COLLECT
SANITARY AND INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER, AS
WELL AS STORM WATER RUNOFF, AND
TRANSPORT THIS COMBINED WASTEWATER TO
TREATMENT FACILITIES. FLOWS CONVEYED TO
THE TREATMENT PLANT ARE THEN TREATED
AND DISCHARGED TO A NEARBY RIVER OR
STREAM.
 WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS
WHAT IS COMBINE SEWER
A COMBINED SEWER IS A SEWAGE COLLECTION SYSTEM
OF PIPES AND TUNNELS DESIGNED TO ALSO COLLECT
SURFACE RUNOFF. COMBINED SEWERS CAN CAUSE
SERIOUS WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS DURING COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOW (CSO) EVENTS WHEN WET WEATHER
FLOWS EXCEED THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT CAPACITY.
THIS TYPE OF SEWER DESIGN IS NO LONGER USED IN
BUILDING NEW COMMUNITIES (BECAUSE CURRENT DESIGN
SEPARATES SANITARY SEWERS FROM RUNOFF), BUT MANY
OLDER CITIES CONTINUE TO OPERATE COMBINED SEWERS
 WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS
Combined Sewer System

HTTP://STORAGE.HKYWATER.ORG/ADOBE/FLASH/HWU_COMBINED_WEB.SWF
 WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS

SEPARATE SEWER SYSTEM

NOWADAYS MOST MUNICIPILITIES NO LONGER PERMITS
THE INSTALLATION OF COMBINED SEWERS. FOR NEWLY
INSTALLED SEWERS, SEWAGE AND STORM WATER ARE
COLLECTED IN SEPARATE PIPES WITH SEWAGE BEING
TRANSPORTED TO A WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY
AND STORM WATER BEING TRANSPORTED TO NEARBY
SURFACE WATERS. THIS TYPE OF SYSTEM IS CALLED A
SEPARATE SEWER SYSTEM
WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS

SEPARATE SYSTEM
 WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS

STORM SEWER SYSTEM:

SURFACE WATERS ENTERS A STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM THROUGH INLETS LOCATED IN STREET
GUTTERS OR DEPRESSED AREAS THAT COLLECT NATURAL DRAINAGE.
TWO COMMON TYPES OF STORM-WATER INLETS FOR STREETS (FIG. 4-1):

(A) CURB LNLET

VERTICAL OPENING TO CATCH GUTTER FLOW. GUTTER MAYBE DEPRESSED SLIGHTLY IN
FRONT OF THE INLET, TO AVOID TRAFFIC OBSTRUCTION.

(B) GUTTER INLET

OPENING COVER BY A GRATE THROUGH WHICH THE DRAINAGE FALLS . THE DISADVANTAGE
IS THAT DEBRIS COLLECTING ON THE GRATE MAY RESULT IN PLUGGING OF THE GUTTER INLET.
COMBINATION INLETS (CURB INLET AND GUTTER INLET) ALSO COMMON. STREET GRADE,
CURB DESIGN, & GUTTER DEPRESSION, HOWEVER, MINIMIZING TRAFFIC INTERFERENCE &
ELIMINATING PLUGGING TAKE PRECEDENCE OVER HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY.
 WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS

STORM SEWER SYSTEM:

(C) COMBINATION INLETS
CURB INLET AND GUTTER INLET ALSO
COMMON. STREET GRADE, CURB DESIGN, &
GUTTER DEPRESSION, HOWEVER, MINIMIZING
TRAFFIC INTERFERENCE & ELIMINATING
PLUGGING TAKE PRECEDENCE OVER
HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY.
WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS
STORM WATER MANAGEMENT
TO REDUCE POLLUTANTS CARRIED WITH
THE DRAINAGE FROM ENTERING LOCAL
WATERWAYS, SUCH AS SEDIMENT, TRASH,
METALS, ORGANICS, PESTICIDES,
NUTRIENTS, OIL, AND GREASE.
SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES INCLUDES:
MAINTENANCE GROUNDS, PARKING LOTS,
FUELING AREAS, OUTDOOR STORAGE, ETC.
 STORM WATER MANAGEMENT
SOURCE CONTROL IS CRITICAL TO REDUCING STORM-WATER
POLLUTION(SWEEPING/CLEANING, CONTROLLING
LITTER/EROSION, SPILL, LEAK AND OVERFLOW.)
 STORM WATER MANAGEMENT
SOURCE CONTROL IS CRITICAL TO REDUCING STORM-WATER
POLLUTION(SWEEPING/CLEANING, CONTROLLING
LITTER/EROSION, SPILL, LEAK AND OVERFLOW.)
 STORM WATER MANAGEMENT
STORM-WATER RETENTION PONDS ARE USED TO ATTENUATE THE STORM
FLOW RATE AND PROVIDE A QUIESCENT RESERVOIR FOR THE
RETENTION OF POLLUTANTS.
THE DESIGN FEATURES OF A STORM-WATER RETENTION POINT ARE
IMPORTANT TO POLLUTION REDUCTION AND POND PERFORMANCE.
 STORM WATER MANAGEMENT
IN GENERAL:
CATCH BASINS: UNDER STREET INLETS ARE CONNECTED BY SHORT
PIPELINES TO THE MAIN STORMSEWER LOCATED IN THE STREET RIGHT-0F-
WAY.
MANHOLES: PLACED AT CURB INLETS, INTERSECTION OF SEWER LINES,
REGULAR INTERVALS TO FACILITATE INSPECTION & CLEANING.
WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS
 STORM WATER MANAGEMENT
IN GENERAL:
CATCH BASINS: UNDER STREET INLETS ARE CONNECTED BY SHORT
PIPELINES TO THE MAIN STORM
SEWER LOCATED IN THE STREET RIGHT-0F-WAY.
MANHOLES: PLACED AT CURB INLETS, INTERSECTION OF SEWER LINES,
REGULAR INTERVALS TO FACILITATE INSPECTION & CLEANING.
PIPELINES GRADIENTS: FOLLOW THE GENERAL SLOPE OF THE
GROUND SURFACE, SO THAT WATER ENTERING CAN FLOW DOWNHILL TO
A CONVENIENT POINT FOR DISCHARGE.
SEWER PIPES: SET AS SHALLOW AS POSSIBLE TO MINIMIZE
EXCAVATION, OR TO REDUCE THE EFFECT OF WHEEL LOADING (0.6 TO
1.2 M FROM ABOVE)
 STORM SEWER SIZZING
CALCULATION FOR QUANTITY OF RUNOFF FOR
SIZZING STORM SEWERS:

Q = 0.278 CIA
WHERE:
Q = MAXIMUM RATE OF RUNOFF, M3 PER SECOND
C = COEFFICIENT OF RUNOFF
I = RAINFALL INTENSITY, MM PER HOUR
A = DRAINAGE AREA, KM2
CLIMATIC CONDITION
FLOWING VELOCITY
SURCHARGE AND OVERFLOW
PIPE SIZES
STORM SEWER SIZZING
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM

TRANSPORT SEWERS (DOMESTIC & INDUSTRIAL WW) BY GRAVITY

FLOW TO TREATMENT FACILITIES. A LATERAL SEWER COLLECTS
DISCHARGES FROM HOUSE AND CARRIES THEM TO ANOTHER BRANCH
SEWER.
A SANITARY SEWER (ALSO CALLED A FOUL SEWER AND A COVERED
SEWER) IS AN UNDERGROUND CARRIAGE SYSTEM SPECIFICALLY FOR
TRANSPORTING SEWAGE FROM HOUSES AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
THROUGH PIPES TO TREATMENT OR DISPOSAL. SANITARY SEWERS
SERVING INDUSTRIAL AREAS ALSO CARRY INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM
A MAIN SEWER CALLED A TRUNK OR OUTFALL SEWER, CARRIES
THE DISCHARGE FROM AREAS TO THE TREATMENT PLANT.
BUILDING SEWERS : BUILDING SEWERS, SOMETIMES CALLED "BUILDING CONNECTIONS", CONNECT TO THE BUILDING
PLUMBING AND ARE USED TO CONVOY WASTEWATER FROM THE BUILDINGS TO LATERAL OR BRANCH SEWERS, OR ANY OTHER
SEWER EXCEPT ANOTHER BUILDING SEWER. THESE PIPES GENERALLY HAVE A DIAMETER OF 15 CM OR MORE AND ARE PLACED
AT GRADES NO LESS THAN 1 OR 2 %. BUILDING SEWERS DISCHARGE INTO COLLECTOR SEWERS (LATERAL OR BRANCH).
LATERAL OR BRANCH : LATERAL SEWERS FORM THE FIRST ELEMENT OF A WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM AND ARE
USUALLY IN STREETS OR SPECIAL EASEMENTS. THEY ARE USED TO COLLECT WASTEWATER FROM ONE OR MORE BUILDING
SEWERS AND CONVEY IT TO A MAIN SEWER.
MAIN SEWERS : MAIN SEWERS ARE USED TO CONVEY WASTEWATER FROM ONE OR MORE LATERAL SEWERS TO TRUNK
SEWERS OR TO INTERCEPTING SEWERS.
TRUNK SEWERS : TRUNK SEWERS ARE LARGE SEWERS THAT ARE USED TO CONVEY WASTEWATER FROM MAIN SEWERS TO
TREATMENT OR OTHER DISPOSAL FACILITIES OR TO LARGE INTERCEPTING SEWERS.
INTERCEPTING SEWERS : INTERCEPTING SEWERS ARE LARGER SEWERS THAT ARE USED TO INTERCEPT A NUMBER OF MAIN
OR TRUNK SEWERS AND CONVEY THE WASTEWATER TO TREATMENT OR OTHER DISPOSAL FACILITIES
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM

HOUSE CONNECTION OR LATERAL SEWER CONNECTION.

 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM
HOUSE CONNECTION OR LATERAL SEWER CONNECTION
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM

A FORCE MAIN IS A SEWER THROUGH

WHICH WW IS PUMPED UNDER
PRESSURE RATHER THAN BY GRAVITY
FLOW
SEWER FORCE MAINS. SEWER FORCE
MAINS ARE NECESSARY WHEN GRAVITY
FLOW IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO MOVE
WATER RUNOFF AND SEWAGE
THROUGH A GRAVITY LINE. FORCE
MAINS MOVE WASTEWATER UNDER
PRESSURE BY USING PUMPS OR
COMPRESSORS LOCATED IN LIFT
STATIONS.
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM
A FORCE MAIN IS A SEWER THROUGH WHICH WW IS PUMPED UNDER
PRESSURE RATHER THAN BY GRAVITY FLOW
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM
Pump Stations Dry Well
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM (PUMP STATIONS DRY WELL)
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM (PUMP STATIONS DRY WELL)
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM
Pump Stations Wet Well
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM (PUMP STATIONS WET WELL)
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM (PUMP STATIONS WET WELL)
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
DESIGN CRITERIA PIPE SIZE
THE DIAMETER OF THE PIPE IS
CHOSEN BASED ON THE AVAILABILITY OF THE SIZE PROVIDED
CONSIDERATION OF THE ECONOMY
SUFFICIENT SIZE TO HANDLE THE TOTAL DISCHARGE, Q. (Q > PEAK FLOW
TOTAL )

LATERAL SEWER
MINIMUM OF 150MM DIAMETER
RECEIVES THE CHANNEL SEWAGE FROM INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS TO
ANOTHER BRANCH SEWER, OR DIRECTLY TO AN ON-SITE TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN FLOWS FOR SEWER SYSTEMS ARE BASED ON THE POPULATION PER
CAPITA QUANTITIES.
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
SEWER SLOPES SHOULD BE SUFFICIENT TO
MAINTAIN SELF-CLEANING VELOCITIES AT 0.6 M/S
WHEN FLOWING IN FULL. TAB. 4-3 LISTS SEWER
SIZE, MINIMUM SLOPE FOR 0.6 M/S, AND THE
CORRESPONDING QUANTITY OF FLOW .
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
DESIGN CRITERIA PIPE SIZE
RETICULATION SEWER
225MM TO 300MM.
RECEIVES THE CHANNEL SEWAGE COLLECTED FROM GROUPS OF INDIVIDUAL
PROPERTIES TO BRANCH SEWERS

MAIN SEWERS/ TRUNK/ OUTFALL SEWER

450MM TO ABOVE 900MM DIAMETER.
RECEIVES SEWERS FROM BRANCH SEWERS AND TRANSFER FLOWS TO LARGE
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT.

BRANCH SEWERS
300MM TO 450MM DIAMETER
RECEIVE THE SEWAGE FROM RETICULATION SEWERS AND THEREAFTER TRANSFERS
THE FLOW TO SMALL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS, OR TO MAIN SEWERS
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
DESIGN CRITERIA PIPE SIZE

THE DEPTH OF SEWERS IS

1.2M BELOW THE GROUND SURFACE.
INVERT DEPTH MINIMUM OF 1.2M
VELOCITIES
MINIMUM OF 0.8 M/S
SELF-CLEANSING
PREVENTS THE SLUDGE TO SETTLE IN THE PIPELINES
MAXIMUM IS AT 4.0 M/S
PREVENT SCOURING OF SEWER BY EROSIVE ACTION OF SUSPENDED
MATTER.
THE SLOPE
1:200 TO 1:25 IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN THE VELOCITY.
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
DESIGN CRITERIA MANHOLE
Design should be:
Allow easy access for inspection and cleaning for the pipe
Made from durable structure,
cause minimum interference to the sewage flow.
minimum of 1.2 m in depth from the ground level
at least at 100m apart of each other for eases of maintenance
Gradients from 1: 40 to 1: 110 will should be use to give
normally give adequate flow velocities.

Locations are situated

end of line
intersection of sewer
changes in grade and alignment except in curved sewers.
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
DESIGN CRITERIA MANHOLE
Theminimum diameter of manholes constructed from
precast concrete

Drop manhole
installed to reduce the turbulence in the manholes cause by the
elevation differences.
if the difference between the incoming sewer and manhole invert is
more than 500mm
If the difference between the incoming sewers is less than 600mm,
invert shall be filleted at the corners to prevent solids deposition
MANHOLE
MANHOLE
MANHOLE
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
DESIGN PROCEDURE
6 procedure

1. Network sewer plannning

2. Sewerage layout plan
3. Determination of population equivalent
4. Determination of peak flow, discharge,
type and size of pipe
5. Determination of velocities
6. Determination of invert level and outlet
level
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
1. NETWORK SEWER PLANNING
Based
on MS 1228 : 1991 : section 4.3.2 several factors
must be condiser in the planning:
The sewerage pipe must be located in the surrounding area of the
road.
The pipe to be located in private property due to certain
topographies must apply for permission to certain individual
before the construction can begin.
Before any construction work can begin, the layout and overall
existing building, pipe and electrical must first to be determine.
During the construction work, the separation of sewer and main
water should be requires of minimum horizontal separation of 3 m
and a minimum vertical separation of 46 cm from water mains.
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
2. LAYOUT PLAN
The system must be drawn to show the location of the pipe and so on.The
process involved of:
Preparing the sewerage layout plan to show the flow of sewerage, position of the
network, size of pipe and position of manholes

Sewer follow natural drainage ways to minimize excavation and pumping

requirements. Large trunk sewers are usually constructed in low-lying
areas closely paralleling streams or channels. In general, pipes should
cross contours at right angles.

Located pipe
place for easy connection for future user
provide access for maintenance.
accomplished by placing them in streets or other rights-of-way.
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
3. POLULATION EQUIVALENT (PE)
number expressing the ratio of the sum of the
pollution load produced during 24 hours by
industrial facilities and services to the individual
pollution load in household sewage produced by
one person in the same time.

parameter use to convert the number of person

contributing to volumetric flow rate of wastes

flow rates are measured in cubic meters per second

calculated
for both existing land use and for
expected future development.
 Type of establishment Population equivalent
Residential 5 per house
Commercial 3 per 100m area
Educational Institutions

- Day Schools 0.2 per student

- Residential Schools 1 per student
(residential)
Hospitals 4 per bed Hotels 4 per
room
Factories 0.3 per employee
Market (Wet Type) 3 per stall
Market (Dry Type) 1 per stall
Petrol Stations 18 per service bay
Bus Terminal 4 per bus bay
Taxi Terminal 4 per taxi bay
Mosque 0.5 per person
Church or 0.2 per person
Stadium 0.2 per person
Swimming Pool or Sports 0.5 per person
Complex
Public Toilet 16 per WC (water closet)
Airport 0.2 per passenger/day
Airport 0.3 per employee
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
3. POPULATION EQUIVALENT

PE = population equivalent x per

capita waste contribution
PE = population equivalent x 225
L/c.d (1)
Cumulative PE = PE 1 + PE2 (2)
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
4. PEAK FLOW, DISCHARGE, TYPE AND SIZE OF
PIPE
Peak flow
the combination of infiltration and inflow, and wastewater
flow.
in unit of flow rate per contribution area or unit of flowrate
per pipe length.

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
4. PEAK FLOW, DISCHARGE, TYPE AND SIZE OF
PIPE
Flow discharge, Qd depends on the pipe gradient
and diameter of the pipe.

Pipe area, Apipe = r2 (3)

Perimeter, P = 2 r (4)

Hydraulic radius = A/P (5)

Design must be Qd > Peak Flow

(6)
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
4. PEAK FLOW, DISCHARGE, TYPE AND SIZE OF
PIPE
Manning coefficient,
Material Manning coefficient, n

n Concrete 0.013 n 0.015

Depend on the
Vitrified clay 0.013 n 0.015
selected pipe material
Cast iron 0.013 n 0.015

Brick 0.015 n 0.017

Corrugated metal pipe 0.022 n 0.025

Asbestos cement 0.013 n 0.015

Earthern channel 0.025 n 0.030

 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
5. VELOCITIES

Full flow velocity Vfull can be

calculated from the pipe discharge
4m/s > V (full flow) > 0.8 m/s

(7)
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
6. INVERT LEVEL AND OUTLET LEVEL
Manhole level
find by ground surface elevation
Fall in sewer = Upper end elevation Lower end elevation
(8)
Sewer invert lower end = Gound surface elevation fall in sewer
(9)

However, if ground surface gradient is not suitable,

new pipe gradient can be proposed

Fall in sewer = slope x Lower end elevation

(10)

Sewer invert upper end = Gound surface elevation - cover of pipe - diameter of pipe
 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS
6. INVERT LEVEL AND OUTLET LEVEL

Criteria Remarks

Pipe gradient, s 0.5 % s 4 %

Full flow velocity, Vfull 0.8 m/s Vfull 4 m/s

Discharge, Qd PF < Qd
A project development consisting of 530 units
of houses, a 40 bed hospital, a 5 service bay
petrol station and a day school capacity of
800 students.
1. Calculate the PE (population Equivalent)
for the above project.
2. Calculate the peak flow.
PE Calculation
530 unit houses x 5 PE per unit =
2,650
40 bed hospital x 4 PE per bed =
160
5 service bay x 18 PE per bay =
90
800 student x 0.2 PE per student =
160

Total =
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