Environme

ntal
Engineerin
g
Lecture/Problem Solving
by: Joey Garcia
Environmental Engineering

is the application of science and

engineering principles to improve
the environment (air, water, and/or
land resources), to provide healthy
water, air, and land for human
habitation and for other organisms,
and to remediate polluted sites.
ECOLOGY
Study of interrelationships and
interdependencies of organisms with their
environment
ORGANISM
Simplest Level of organization in ecology

POPULATION
Includes all the members of the same species
that live in one place at one time

COMMUNITY
HABITAT
Physical location of a community
 Phototroph organism w/c is capable of
utilizing radiant energy
Autotroph organism that uses CO2 as its
sole source of carbon
Auxotroph organism that requires one or
more nutrients
 Decomposers consumers who feed on remains
of dead plants and animals
Herbivores eat producers or plant eaters
Carnivores eat other consumers; meat eaters
Omnivores eat both producers and consumers;
plant and meat eaters
Detritivores feed on the garbage of an
ecosystem

A Trophic Level is a group of organisms whose

feeding source is the same number of steps from
the Sun.
Producers (Autotrophs) are the First Trophic Level.
Herbivores are the Second Trophic Level.
Carnivores are the Third, Fourth and Fifth Trophic
Levels
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
Carbon Cycle
Phosphorus
Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Water Cycle
Oxygen Cycle
Sulfur Cycle
 Nitrification - A chemical process in which nitrogen
(mostly in the form of ammonia) in plant and animal
wastes and dead remains is oxidized at first to nitrites
and then to nitrates.
Nitration - A type of chemical reaction in which a nitro
group (NO2) is added to or substituted in a molecule.
Nitrogenation - A type of chemical reaction in which
nitrogen (N2) is added to or substituted in a
molecule.
Nitrogen Fixation Conversion of nitrogen gas to
ammonia
Ammonification Process where in the decomposers
return the nitrogen back to the soil from the remains
of dead plant and animals
Denitrification - Process of returning back the nitrogen
to the atmosphere
 DENR Department of Environment and
Natural Resources
EMB Environmental Management Bureau
- specifically tasked to implement,
recommend and provide technical assistance
for the DENRs implementation and monitoring
Philippine Environmental Laws
and Policies
RA 8749 Clean Air Act of 1999
RA 9275 Clean Water Act of 2004
RA 6969 Toxic Substances Hazardous Nuclear
Waste Act of 1990
RA 9003 Ecological Waste Management Act of
2000
PD 984 National Pollution Control Law
PD 1152 The 1977 Philippine Environment Code
DAO 14 Air Quality Standards
DAO 34 Revised Water Usage and Classification
DAO 35 Revised Effluent Regulation of 1990
PD 1067 Philippine Water Code
PD 856 Sanitation Code of the Philippines
International Treaties
Stockholm Convention - persistent organic
pollutants (POPs)
Montreal Protocol ozone depleting
substances (CFCs)
Kyoto Protocol greenhouse gases
Basel Convention hazardous wastes
Ramsar Convention - wetlands
Air Resources, Quality and Treatment

Air Pollution
Alteration of the physical, chemical and
biological properties of the atmosphere
that is likely to create harmful effects on
public health, safety, and welfare
 Primary pollutants are those emitted
directly to the atmosphere and are
found in the form, which they are
emitted such as sulfur oxides (SOx),
nitrogen oxides (NOx), and
hydrocarbons (HC).

Secondary pollutants are those formed

in the atmosphere by a photochemical
reaction or hydrolysis or oxidation such
as ozone (O3), peroxyacetyl nitrates
(PAN), and oxidized hydrocarbons.
Air Pollutants

Particulates
Dust
Fume
Mist
Smoke
Spray
Major Air Pollutants
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Troposheric Ozone (O3)
Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs)
Particulates (PM10)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Lead (Pb)
Major Air Pollutants
Pollutant Source
Carbon Stoves, furnaces
monoxide
Formaldehyde Carpets, particle boards, plywood
finishes
Particulate Materials processing
matter
VOCs Solvents, personal care products
Radon Diffusion from the soil
Ozone Photocopiers, printers, air-
cleaning devices
Biological Mold, fungi, pets
agents
Air Pollution Control
Technologies
A. Control of Gaseous Pollutant
Absorption
Adsorption
Condensation
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)
NOx Removal
B. Control of Particulate Pollutants
Settling Chambers
Cyclone Separators
Filtration
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP)
Scrubbers

C. Control of Automotive Emissions

Blow-by
Catalytic Converters
Air Pollution Control
Devices
Solid Waste and Solid
Waste Management

Hazardous Waste and

Hazardous Waste
Management
 Solid Wastes
wastes that are neither liquid nor gaseous

Objectives of Solid Waste

Management
Protection of public health
Protection of the environment (including
biodiversity)
Addressing social concerns (aesthetics,
risk, public preferences, renewable energy)
Minimization of cost
 Garbage is the animal and vegetable
waste resulting from the handling,
preparation, cooking and serving food.
Refuse is synonymous with solid waste.
Rubbish consists of a variety of both
combustible and noncombustible solid
wastes from homes, stores, and
institutions, but does not include garbage.
Trash is synonymous with rubbish;
technically trash is the combustible
rubbish.
Solid Waste Management
Refers to the discipline associated with the
control of generation, storage, collection,
transfer and transport, processing, and disposal
of solid wastes in a manner that is accord with
the best principles of public health, economics,
engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other
environmental considerations, and that is also
responsive to public attitudes.

Integrated Solid Waste Management

The selection of a combination of techniques,
technologies, and management programs to
achieve waste management objectives
Hierarchy of Integrated Solid
Waste Management
waste prevention and waste
minimization (source reduction)
resource recovery
recycling and reuse
waste transformation (composting)
landfilling
Solid Waste Management
Separation or Waste Segregation
Collection, Transport and Transfer Stations
Biological Treatment: Composting
Ultimate Disposal: Sanitary Landfill
 Code Chemical Name Nickname
Number
1 Polyethylene
terephthalate
2 High-density
polyethylene
3 Polyvinyl chloride
4 Low-density
polyethylene
5 Polypropylene
6 Polystyrene
7 Mixed Plastic
Typical uses
PETE Softdrink bottles,
cooking oil bottles,
peanut butter jars
HDPE Milk cartons, detergent
bottles
PVC plastic pipes, outdoor
furniture, shrink-wrap,
water bottles, salad
dressing, liquid
detergent containers
LDPE Plastic film used for
food wrapping, trash
bags, and baby diapers
PP Automobile battery
castings and bottle
caps
PS Food packaging, foam
cups and plates, and
eating utensils
Fence post, benches
and pallets
Hazardous Wastes
any substance that, because of its
quantity, concentration or physical,
chemical or infectious characteristics, may
cause, or significantly contribute to, an
increase in mortality; or cause an increase
in serious irreversible or incapacitating
reversible illness; or pose a substantial
present or potential hazard to human
health and the environment when
improperly treated, stored, transported, or
disposed of, or otherwise managed
Types of Hazardous Wastes
Chemical Waste

- TV sets, heat pacers, earth satellites,

aerosol cans, pesticides, spectrum of plastic
materials
- degreasing compounds, wood
preservatives, pesticides, heavy metals &
other liquid contaminants
- Cannot be handled by the conventional
processes of treatment
- Organic and Inorganic chemicals
Types of Hazardous Wastes
Biomedical Waste

- Cultures & stocks of infectious agents

- Human pathological wastes
- Human blood & blood products
- Sharp implements (used & unused)
- Contaminated animal wastes
- Isolation waste from patients w/ highly
communicable diseases
Components of a Hazardous
Waste Management Plan

1. Preparing an inventory
2. Waste minimization
3. Storage & transport
4. Spillage
5. Treatment & disposal
Hazardous Waste
Minimization
1. Change materials purchasing & control
methods
2. Improve housekeeping practices
3. Change production methods
4. Substitute less toxic materials
5. Reduce wastewater flows
6. Segregate wastes
7. Recycle or reclaim wastes
8. Treat waste to reduce volume &/or toxicity
9. Delist wastes that do not have hazardous
characteristics
Water Resources, Quality and
Treatment

WATER POLLUTION

May be defined as the presence in water of

impurities in such a quantity and of such
nature as to impair the use of water for an
intended purpose.
Water Quality Management
WATER USAGE AND CLASSIFICATION
Two main groups:
Fresh surface waters
Coastal and marine waters
Fresh Surface Waters
Class AA Public water supply class
I
Requires disinfection in order to meet
NSDW

Class A Public water supply class

II
Requires complete treatment in order to
meet NSDW

Class B Recreational water class I

Fresh Surface Waters
Class C
Fishery water
Recreational water class II
Industrial water supply class I

Class D
Agriculture, irrigation
Industrial water supply class II
Other inland waters that belong to this
classification
Coastal and Marine Waters
Class SA
Propagation of shellfish
Tourist zones
Coral reefs

Class SB
Recreational water class I
Fishery water class I
Coastal and Marine Waters
Class SC
Recreational water class II
Fishery water class II

Class SD
Industrial water supply class II
Hardness of Water
The simple definition of water hardness is
the amount of dissolved calcium and
magnesium in the water. Hard water is
high in dissolved minerals, both calcium
and magnesium.
General guidelines for classification of
waters are: 0 to 60 mg/L (milligrams per
liter) as calcium carbonate is classified as
soft; 61 to 120 mg/L as moderately hard;
121 to 180 mg/L as hard; and more than
180 mg/L as very hard.
Water Quality Parameters
A. Physical Parameters
1. Turbidity amount of suspended matter
and is obtained by measuring its light
scattering ability
2. Color indication of the age of sewage
3. Temperature lowers the solubility of
oxygen in water and increases the rate at
which oxygen-consuming microbes attack
organic waste
4. Odor
Fishy - amines
Ammoniacal - ammonia
Decayed fish - diamines
Rotten egg - hydrogen sulfide
Skunk/Flatus - mercaptans
Rotten cabbage - Organic sulfides
Fecal - Skatole (flowery at low concentrations)

5. Solids
a. Settleable Solids
b. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
c. Dissolved Solids
d. Volatile and Fixed Solids


 Fixed Solids
- Solids that do not volatilize at 550 C

FS = TS -VS

TS = TDS + TSS
= =
TVS = VDS + VSS
+ +
TFS = FDS + FSS
B. Chemical Parameters
pH
Calcium and Magnesium Salts
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Trace Metals
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Oils, Fats and Greases
Surfactants
Phenols
Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals
Heavy Metals and Related
Diseases
Mercury minamata disease
Cadmium itai-itai disease
Silver argyria
Lead mental disability
Chromium neurological disease
Arsenic known poison
C. Biological Parameters
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) actual quantity of free O2
present in water
Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) measure of the
amount of O2 needed to oxidize completely an organic
matter whose chemical formula is known
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) measure of amount
of O2 needed by microorganism to decompose
biodegradable organics at a specified time (5days),
temperature (20 deg. C) and pH (7)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measure of the
amount of O2 needed to oxidize organics using strong
oxidizing agents in acid media
Total Oxygen Demand (TOD) organics are converted
into stable end products in a Pt-catalyzed combustion
chamber and is determined by monitoring the O2
content present in product
Total Organic Carbon organic matter is oxidized in a
high temperature furnace to convert C to CO2
Biological Oxygen
Demand
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD, also
called biological oxygen demand) is the
amount of dissolved oxygen needed (i.e.,
demanded) by aerobic biological
organisms to break down organic material
present in a given water sample at certain
temperature over a specific time period.
The BOD value is most commonly
expressed in milligrams of oxygen
consumed per litre of sample during 5 days
of incubation at 20 C and is often used as
a surrogate of the degree of organic
pollution of water.
 TOTAL BOD = cBOD + nBOD

For measurement of carbonaceous BOD

(cBOD), a nitrification inhibitor is added
after the dilution water has been added to
the sample. The inhibitor hinders the
oxidation of ammonia nitrogen, which
supplies the nitrogenous BOD (nBOD).
When performing the BOD5 test, it is
conventional practice to measure only
cBOD because nitrogenous demand does
not reflect the oxygen demand from
organic matter. This is because nBOD is
generated by the breakdown of proteins,
Seeding
The purpose of seeding is to introduce a
biological population capable of oxidising
theorganic matter in the sample. Seeding
would not be necessary for domestic and
municipalsewage, unchlorinated treated
effluents and surface waters. When there is
a reason tobelieve that the sample
contains very few micro-organisms, for
example as a result of chlorination, high
temperature, extreme pH or because of the
specific composition of some industrial
 BOD Calculation


BOD Kinetics


WASTEWATER TREATMENT
METHODS

Physical Treatment
Screening
Comminutors
Grit Chambers
Skimming
Pre-aeration
Physical Flocculation
Equalization Basin
Sedimentation Tank
Flotation
Chemical Treatment Biological Treatment
Neutralization Activated Sludge
Chemical Process
Precipitation Trickling Filters
Coagulation Stabilization Ponds
Chemical Aerated Lagoon
Flocculation Anaerobic Digestion
Disinfection or Decomposition
Ozonization
Chlorination
THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN-DEMANDING
WASTE ON RIVERS OR STREAMS

A stream acting
like a plug-flow
reactor:

When a portion of
waste is carried
through:
MASS BALANCE:

mass of DO in wastewater = QpCp

mass of DO in river = QsCs

where : Qp volumetric flow rate of wastewater Cp DO of wastewater

Qs volumetric flow rate of stream Cs DO of stream

DO after mixing = (QpCp + QsCs) / Qp+Qs

for ultimate BOD,

Lo after mixing = (QpLp + QsLs) / Qp+Qs
where: Lp - ultimate BOD of wastewater
Ls - ultimate BOD of stream
1. A municipality in the Midwest has a population of
50, 000 and generates 100,000 cu. Yard of
municipal waste annually. The waste is made up
of 30% compacted waste and 70% uncompacted
waste. Assume that the waste density of 1000
lb/cu. yard compacted, and 400 lb/ cu. yard
uncompacted. How many pounds of waste are
generated in this city each year? By each person
each year?

2. Compute the theoretical oxygen demand of 150

mg/L of glucose.
3. 30 mL of a well-mixed wastewater sample is
placed in a crucible dish that weighs 50 g. After
evaporation and drying, the crucible is cooled in
a desiccator and reweighed. The weight is then
50.012g. Following this, the crucible is fired at
550 deg. C for 1 hour. The final weight after
cooling is 50. 003 g.

a. What is the TS (total solids) of the sample?

b. What is the VS (volatile solids) of the sample?
c. What is the FS (fixed solids) of the sample?
4. A sample of municipal sewage is diluted to 2%
by volume prior to running a 5-day BOD test.
After 5 days, the oxygen consumption is
determined to be 3 mg/L. What is the 5-day BOD
of the sewage?

5. A 20-mL sample of sewage mixed with enough

water to fill a 300-mL bottle has an initial DO of
10 mg/L. To help assure an accurate test, it is
desirable to have at least 3 mg/L drop in DO
during the 5-day run, and the final DO should be
at least 3 mg/L. For what range of BODs would
this dilution produce the desired results?
6. The dilution factor for an unseeded mixture of
wastewater is 0.05. The DO of the mixture is
initially 7mg/L, and after 5 days it has dropped to
2 mg/L. The reaction rate constant k has been
found to be 0.23/day. What would be the
ultimate BOD?

7. A test bottle containing just seeded dilution

water has its own DO level dropped by 1 mg/L in
a five day test. A 300 mL BOD bottle filled with
15 mL of wastewater and the rest sample water
experiences a drop of 7.2 mg/L in the same
period. What is the 5-day BOD of the waste?

8. A wastewater had an ultimate BOD of 300 mg/L.

At 20 deg. C, the 5-day BOD was 200 mg/L and
the reaction rate was 0.22/day. What would be
9. A secondary effluent has a total BOD of 45 mg/L.
A BOD5 test is run on thissame secondary
effluent at the same time using a nitrification
inhibitor. Using the data for this test as given
below, calculate the nBOD.
30 mL 50 mL
Initial DO, mg/L 8.9 8.8
Final DO, mg/L 6.0 4.2

10.A typical city of 55, 000 people has a wastewater

treatment discharge of 6.7 million L/day and a
BOD5 in the raw wastewater of 225 mg/L. What
is the total discharge of BOD in kg/day? What is
the daily BOD5 discharge per person?
11.A water sample contains two nitrogen species. The
concentration of NH3 is 30 mg/L and the concentration of
NO3 is 5 mg/L. What is the total nitrogen concentration
in the units of mg N/L

12. A water sample has the following chemical composition:

Ca 2+ = 15 mg/L ; Mg 2+ = 10 mg/L ; SO4 2- = 30 mg/L.
What is the total hardness in units of mg/L as CaCO 3?

13.A stream has dissolved oxygen level of 9 mg/L, and

ultimate oxygen demand of 12 mg/L and an average
flow of 0.2 m3/sec. An industrial waste at zero dissolved
oxygen with an ultimate oxygen demand of 20,000 mg/L
and a flow rate of 0.006 m3/sec is discharged into the
stream. What is the ultimate oxygen demand and the
dissolved oxygen in the stream immediately below the
point of discharge?
The end.
Thank you.