Masonry Loadbearing Wall.NOT!

Anchorage & Ties

Anchorage & Ties

Fig. 10.1
Anchorage & Ties
Grout
A high performance mortar

High slump easier to flow

Reinforcing in cells and between

wythes of masonry

For adhesion (epoxy grout)

For bearing (under concrete and

steel columns) to level and
transfer loads
flashing over wall
openings
Post-tensioning : threaded high-
strength bars joined with
threaded couplers. At the base
the bar is anchored to a
threaded insert epoxied into a
drilled hole in the concrete
foundation. At the top, the bar
passes through a steel plate. the
nut at the top end of the bar is
tightened, the masonry wall is
placed in greater compression..
 Composite Walls
More economic
Multiple wythes
Stone/brick on exterior
CMU (back-up) on interior
Joined together with reinforcing
Grout or mortar between wythes
 Cavity Walls
Exterior walls
Two wythes
Inner wythe for structural support
Outer wythe for veneer
Resists moisture and heat transfer
Wythes separated by airspace
Insulation & Drainage
Wythes joined with masonry ties
Reinforced Masonry Walls
Monadnock
building, 1891
Last unreinforced masonry load
bearing highrise structure built
based on traditional rules
215 ft high
16 story
6 ft thick wall at base

Interior cast iron frame

Very small ground floor spaces

Texas School Book Depository

Type 3 Ordinary Construction

Loadbearing brick masonry walls

Internal timber columns and beams

Vertical reinforcement required
to resist loads
Structural
bond beams
support floor
and roof
Detail of 16 inch structural
bond beam
Exterior CMU bearing wall and steel
joist
Detail: Steel joist bears on bond
beam, end inserted into void in wall
Floor joists supported on
reinforced concrete bond
beam
Location of reinforcement in
CMU wall
Interior CMU bearing wall and hollow-
core slab
Detail: hollow-core floor slab @ CMU
wall
Exterior CMU bearing wall and
hollow-core slab
Exterior CMU bearing wall and wood
light frame
Effects of modularity on dimensions
Sloped coping at top of wall
Applications for masonry
walls
Masonry Wall Types

Reinforced Walls
Composite Walls
Cavity Walls
Anchorage & Ties

Holds masonry to wall

Ties wythes of masonry
to one another
To supporting substrates (wood, concrete, steel)
Must resist lateral loads but..
Must allow for horizontal and vertical movement
Usually hot-dipped galvanized coated or stainless steel
Many different methods & types used
Reinforcing & Anchorage

Brick & Stone Veneer

Anchorage
Anchor brick to back-
up wall
Typically - galvanized
wire
Cast in joint, or
nailed to surface
 Flashing
Prevents and directs moisture/water out
External
To prevent moisture penetration at
Wall intersections
Wall/roof intersections
Changes in material
Internal
Directs moisture in the wall out through
weep holes
External Flashing
Types
Cap flashing -
Top of walls
Edge of roofs
Counter flashing
Wall / roof intersection
Often two pieces - one in wall / one
attached
Flashing
Flashing
Internal Flashing

Through Wall or
Concealed Flashing
Continuous sheet of
Copper, plastic,
rubber/bituminous
Attached to backup wall
& run through to the
outside of the masonry

Collects water
that has penetrated
wall
Allows it drain
Internal Flashing
Drainage Through Weeps
Placed 24 to 32 in o.c.
Rope, plastic, metal, raked or full head
vent
Placement
Bottom of wall cavity
Interruptions of cavity
Over doors / windows
Window sills
Shelf angles
Flashing Materials

Copper (reacts with mortar)

Lead (malleable)
Lead Coated Copper
Aluminum (reacts with mortar)
Membranes
Bituminous and rubber membranes more popular
do not corrode
more flexible
easier to install
Synthetic Rubber membranes
Weeping

Wick
Rope laid in the mortar joint
Should be removed after
mortar sets up
Tube
3/8 diameter tubes laid in
the mortar joint
Can be removed or left
in joint
Raked Head Joint
Mortar let out of the head
joint
Most effective weep joint
Insulation in CMU cells Insulation in Cavity

External Insulation Insulation in Cavity

Expansion Joints

Allows for movement

A complete separation
Control Joints
Controls movement for a single material
Lines of weakness that cause cracking to occur
along that line
Concrete walks
Slabs
Expansion Joint
 Efflorescence
White chalky substance
on the face of masonry
Usually salts in masonry
or mortar left from
migrating moisture
Indicates that moisture is
present
Normal for new
construction
In existing construction,
it usually means a leak
 Spalling
Physical failure (breakage) of
the masonry material or mortar
Deterioration from moisture in
the wall
Damage from freeze/thaw
cycles
 Tuck Pointing
Partial removal of an
existing mortar joint
and replacement with
new mortar
For severely damaged
mortar joints
May be for aesthetic
or functional reasons
Mortar removed to a
third of the width
New mortar put back
to seal joint
Structural Shapes
Wide Flange
Size Range
Depth; 4 to 40
Weight; 9#/ft to 730#/ft
Uses - Beams & Columns
Proportions - Shape
Tall &Narrow - Beams
Square - Columns & Piles
 Wide Flange Designations
W 12 X 26
W = Wide Flange Designation

Depth
12 = Nominal Depth (inches)

26 = Weight (lbs.) per foot

W12x26 - 12-0 long weights:
12 x 26#/lf = 312#
 Steel Angles

USES
Short beams supporting light loads
EX - Lintels
Connectors
Veneer / Skin Support
Edge support (edge angle)
Diagonal bracing
 Steel Angle Designations

L 4 X 4 X 1/2 Thickness

L = Angle Designation
4 X 4 = Size of the legs (inches)
1/2 = Thickness of the legs
(inches) Size

NOTE: Legs can be equal or unequal

 Channels (C Shaped)
Uses
Truss members, bracing, lintels, etc.
Designations
C 9 X 13.4
C = Channel Designation

Depth
9 = Nominal Depth (inches)
13.4 = Weight / ft. (lbs.)
 Open Web Steel Joists
Mass produced steel trusses

Common Uses
Floor Support
Roof Support

Joist Spacing Depends on;

Load
Span capability of deck
Typically 2 to 10 feet

Spans; K-series (up to 60), LH(Longspan) to 96, DLH(Deep Longspan) to 144

Joist used for floor support
Roof Support
 Joist Seat

Joist Girder
Joist

Joist Seat
Joist Seat Welded to Support Beam
Joist Bridging
Edge Angles
Forms the SlabEdge
Anchorage of exterior skin