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Time Frequency Analysis and Wavelet

Transforms
Oral Presentation

Applications of Discrete Wavelet Transform


in ECG Signal Processing

Presenter: Chia-Chun Hsu


E-mail: r04942075@ntu.edu.tw

Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering


National Taiwan University
Taipei, Taiwan
November 26,2015
Outline
Introduction to ECG signal

Motivation

Discrete Wavelet Transform



Conventional Discrete Wavelet Transform

Stationary Discrete Wavelet Transform
ECG Signal Processing

Baseline Wandering Problem

Power line noise and noise interference

Feature detection
Reference
Outline
Introduction to ECG signal

Motivation

Discrete Wavelet Transform



Conventional Discrete Wavelet Transform

Stationary Discrete Wavelet Transform
ECG Signal Processing

Baseline Wandering Problem

Power line noise and noise interference

Feature detection
Reference
Introduction to ECG signal
Electrocardiography(ECG) is the process of
recording the electrical activity of the heart on
graph sheets or some monitors over a period of
time by placing the electrodes on some specific
locations of body of a person.

Fig1. ECG monitor


From: http://www2.ntin.edu.tw/constructing/%E6%80%A5%E9%87%8D%E7%97%87%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86%E8%A8%AD
%E5%82%99.htm
Introduction to ECG signal

Relationship between the polarization
of the heart and the ECG signal.

Fig2. Animation of a norml ECG


wave
From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiography
Introduction to ECG signal

Normal ECG signal

Fig3. Normal ECG


signal
Introduction to ECG
Table1 Feature of ECG signal and its
signal
description
Feature Description
RR interval The interval between an R
wave and the next R wave.
(bpm)
P wave During normal atrial
depolarization.
QRS wave Rapid depolarization
(QRS complex) of the right and left
ventricles.
Has the largest
amplitude.
PR interval From the sinus node
through the AV node and
entering the ventricles.
T wave Represents the
repolariza- tion of the
ventricles.
ST interval Repolarization of the
Outline
Introduction to ECG signal

Motivation

Discrete Wavelet Transform



Conventional Discrete Wavelet Transform

Stationary Discrete Wavelet Transform
ECG Signal Processing

Baseline Wandering Problem

Power line noise and noise interference

Feature detection
Reference
Motivation

The ECG signal is a very weak signal,


amounting to only 0.5 and 2mV at
the skin surface.

Hence, ECG signal is usually


contaminated by the external
disturbance.(e.g. Power line noise,
respiration, etc.)
Motivation

Problem of ECG signal processing

Power line noise

High frequency noise interference

Baseline wander problem

QRS complex extraction


Motivation

Power line noise(PLI): In general ,


Power line noise is caused by the
electromagnetic field of 50/60Hz
power line.

American Heart Association


recommends that ECG recorder
should have a 3dB frequency range
extending from 0.67 to 150Hz.
Motivation

Fig4. ECG signal with 50Hz PLI


noise
Motivation

High frequency noise interference

Fig5. ECG signal contaminated by high frequency


noise
Motivation

Baseline wander(BW):Commonly
caused by electrode-skin impedance
changes due to perspiration, patient
movement, and respiration.

From:MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Fig5. Baseline wander of ECG signal


Motivation

Flow chart of ECG signal processing

ECG Baseline Noise QRS complex


signal correction removal extraction

Determine the Classification P,Q,S,T


symptoms. (e.g. M.L) extraction

Note : M.L = Machine


Learning
Outline
Introduction to ECG signal

Motivation

Discrete Wavelet Transform



Conventional Discrete Wavelet Transform

Stationary Discrete Wavelet Transform
ECG Signal Processing

Baseline Wandering Problem

Power line noise and noise interference

Feature detection
Reference
Discrete Wavelet Transform

Conventional discrete wavelet


transform(DWT)
L-points
lowpass down
filter xL[n sampling
x1,L[n] ~N/2-
] points
N-points g[n]
L-points 2
x[n] highpass down
xH[n]
filter sampling
x1,H[n ~N/2-
points
h[n] 2 ]
In general,
N>>L.
x1,L[n]:Approximation(Low frequency
part)
x1,H[n]:Details (high frequency part)
Discrete Wavelet Transform

The multi-level decompositions of the


DWT loss the characteristic of the
original signal at the high level.

(a) (b)
Fig6. (a)Non-stationary signal (b) DWT of (a)
[1]
Stationary Discrete Wavelet
Transform

The stationary discrete wavelet


transform
(STW) is similar to the DWT but
without the decimation.

Filters in each level are up-sampled


version of the previous.
Stationary Discrete Wavelet
Transform

(a) (b)

Fig7. (a)A 3 level SWT filter bank (b) SWT filters

The up-sampling scheme is achieved by inserting zeros between


every adjacent pair of elements of the filter.
Outline
Introduction to ECG signal

Motivation

Discrete Wavelet Transform



Conventional Discrete Wavelet Transform

Stationary Discrete Wavelet Transform
ECG Signal Processing

Baseline Wandering Problem

Power line noise and noise interference

Feature detection
Reference
ECG Signal Processing-Baseline
problem(1/5)

Baseline problem: Baseline can be
viewed as the low frequency part in
the ECG signal.

Fig8. Noisy sine wave


ECG Signal Processing-Baseline
problem(2/5)

Conventional methods using moving
average filter to estimate the baseline.
Sensitive to the abrupt peak.(e.g. R peak)

DWT use the filter banks for


construction of the multi-resolution
analysis. [2]


Separate the ECG signal into its
Approximation and Details.
ECG Signal Processing-Baseline
problem(3/5)
From MIT-BIH Database [8]

(a) (b)
(c) (d)

Fig9. Each level


of SWT result
(a)Original signal
(b)Level1
(c)Level 5
(d)Level9
ECG Signal Processing-Baseline
problem(4/5)

MATLAB Code
ECG Signal Processing-Baseline
problem(5/5)

Fig10. Examples
of baseline drift
correction.
(Wavelet
method)
ECG Signal Processing-Noise
Removal(1/7)

For the power line noise, the notch
filter is used to filter out the 50/60Hz
noise.


To deal with the high frequency noise
problem, the nave method is using
the Low pass filter.
ECG Signal Processing-Noise
Removal(2/7)
Wavelet approach(proposed by

Donoho)[3]
Hard thresholding
cD j for |cD j | t

cD j t is some thresholding
0 for |cD j | t

Noise : High frequency(detail) with small amplitude


R peak : High frequency(detail) with larger amplitude than the
noise.

soft thresholding sgn(cD j ) | (cD j ) t | for |cD j | t




cD
j
0 for |cD j | t
ECG Signal Processing-Noise
Removal(3/7)

(a)
(b
)
(c)

Fig10. Denoising
of ECG signal by
using wavelet
transform
thresholding
techneque.[4]
(a)Raw data
(b)Noisy ECG
signal
(c)Denoising by
ECG Signal Processing-Feature
detection
(4/7) detection, R-wave
In ECG feature
peak is the most important job.


When the R peak postion is found,
the location of P,Q,S,T can be found
by the relative position from R peak
to each others.
ECG Signal Processing-Feature
detection
(5/7) detection [5]
Time domain
Derivative method + peak height
thresholding
Very sensitive to the noise.(Your pre-processing must have good
performance)


Frequency domain detection
Hilbert Transform method [6]
Discrete Wavelet Transform Method [7]
ECG Signal Processing-Feature
detection
Discrete (6/7)
Wavelet Transform Method: In
order to detect the R-wave peak, using
DWT to separate the ECG signal to
details(High Frequency) and
approximation(Low frequency).

Find the R peak characteristic in the detail


parts of DWT.
ECG Signal Processing-Feature
detection (7/7)

Level5 has high similarity to the R Fig11.


peak!! Multiresolutio
n
decompositio
n of ECG
signal Using
D6 containing
short burst of
noise.
Reference
[1] Nason, Guy P., and Bernard W. Silverman. "The stationary wavelet
transform and some statistical applications." LECTURE NOTES IN
STATISTICS-NEW YORK-SPRINGER VERLAG- (1995): 281-281.

[2] Chowdhury, Shubhajit Roy, and Dipankar Chakrabarti. "Daubechies


wavelet decomposition based baseline wander correction of trans-
abdominal maternal ECG." Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE),
2010 International Conference on. IEEE, 2010.

[3] Lin, H-Y., et al. "Discrete-wavelet-transform-based noise removal and


feature extraction for ECG signals." IRBM 35.6 (2014): 351-361.

[4] Georgieva-Tsaneva, Galya, and Krassimir Tcheshmedjiev. "Denoising


of electrocardiogram data with methods of wavelet
transform." International Conference on Computer Systems and
Technologies. 2013.
Reference
[5] J.P.Pan, A Real-Time QRS Dection Algorithm, IEEE Transaction
Biomedical Engineering, pp. 230-236, 1985.

[6] Benitez, D., et al. "The use of the Hilbert transform in ECG signal
analysis."Computers in biology and medicine 31.5 (2001): 399-406.

[7] S. Mahmoodabadi , A. Ahmadian , M. Abolhasani , M. Eslami and J.


Bidgoli "ECG feature extraction based on multiresolution wavelet
transform", Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., pp.3902 -3905 2005

[8] Moody GB, Mark RG. The impact of the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia
Database. IEEE Eng in Med and Biol 20(3):45-50 (May-June 2001).
Available from: https://www.physionet.org/physiobank/database/mitdb/
[9]
Tutorial :Time-Frequency Analysis for ECG
signals
Thank you for your attention!!

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