From the Second Cold

War
toT2the End.
W9 2016-17

1
 Paired lectures:
Wk 8 (Reagan) & 9 (Gorbachev)

Are we able to talk of a 'Second Cold War'

and what does this mean for our
understanding of the broader dynamics of the
Cold War?
How do we explain the transformation of the
'Second Cold War' from conflict to
cooperation?
What was the role of summitry in ending the
Cold War?
Week 8 Reagans role in ending the Cold War

2
 SOVIET INVASION of Afghanistan in
1979 killed dtente- Second Cold War

3
Reagan win 1980 election

Thatcher 1979
Kohl 1982

4
 Great communicator
Restored American self belief
http://www.history.com/topics/us-pre
sidents/ronald-reagan
(4:18mins)
Shot in 1981

5
 Second Cold War
Phase I -1945-1962 -period of deep
tension between the two
superpowers culminating in the
Berlin (1958-61) and Cuban Missile
Crises
Phase II -superpowers sought to
limit their military struggle to
periphery and to introduce greater
stability into nuclear arms race.
Phase III - Second Cold War 6
 Greater ideological rivalry

Election of Reagan as US President in

1980 brought resurgence of
containment policy
Reagan Doctrine sought to roll-back
Communism in 3rd World
1984 visit China

7
 Ideological shift
Good v evil empire March 1983
Reagan took the principle of
negotiating from strength literally
See insurgencies as SU generated
Morality not realpolitik
Reaganomics- cut taxes, increase
defence, small government
Arms reduction not limitation
8
9
 Tension:
Weinberger v Schultz

10
 themes
1. Defence and Nuclear weapons
2. Regional conflicts
3. Human rights (Helsinki, Carter,
Eastern Europe next week)

11
1. Defence and nuclear
weapons

12
 NATO face 90 divisions of Warsaw Pact,
including 13,000 tanks
NATO need nuclear to rebalance
conventional forces

Nov 1981 Reagan call to rid Europe of

intermediate range missiles zero option

Dec 1981 martial law in Poland

13
 NSDD 32 National Strategy
(1982)
To foster, if possible in concert with our allies, restraint
in Soviet military spending, discourage Soviet
adventurism, and weaken the Soviet alliance
system by forcing the USSR to bear the brunt of
its economic shortcomings, and to encourage long-
term liberalizing and nationalist tendencies within the
Soviet Union and allied countries.

To limit Soviet military capabilities by strengthening the

U.S. military, by pursuing equitable and verifiable arms
control agreements, and by preventing the flow of
militarily significant technologies and resources to the
Soviet Union.
http://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-32.pdf

14
 Defence spending
600-ship Navy and almost got there, with
591 ships in 1989; today the Navy has 295
ships.
build the world's most expensive aircraft --
the $2 billion B-2 Stealth bomber
The US military developed the neutron
bomb, cruise missiles and a Star Wars
defence system using space satellites.
Deploy Cruise missiles to Europe in
response to SS 20s
15
16
 1983
Able Archer Exercise (like Cuba?)
SS20s and Pershing II deployed
Scheduled Korean Air Lines flight 007
shot down by a Soviet Su-15
interceptor. (from New York City to Seoul via
Anchorage)
All 269 passengers and crew aboard were
killed, including Larry McDonald, a
Representative from Georgia in the United
States House of Representatives.
it flew through Soviet prohibited
airspace around the time of a U.S.
aerial reconnaissance mission.

17
 SDI
Announced March 1983
an anti-missile defense system that would remove
the nuclear threat to US
SDIs main effect was to demonstrate U. S.
technological superiority over the Soviet Union
and its ability to expand the arms race into space.
Weinberger to stop arms deals
Schultz a bargaining tool
Convinced the Soviet leadership under Gorbachev
to bid for a de-escalation of the arms race

18
SDI - Star Wars

19
2. Regional conflicts

20
 Reagan Doctrine
National Security Decision Directive
75 (Richard Pipes) January 1983
Afghanistan
Support anti-Soviet insurgences
Central America: El Salvador and
Nicaragua
Mozambique

21
 Reagan Doctrine
State of the Union Feb 6 1985
Americas mission was to nourish and
defend freedom and democracy.
we must not break faith with those who are
risking their liveson every continent, from
Afghanistan to Nicaraguato defy Soviet-
supported aggression and secure rights
which have been ours from birth.
He concluded, Support for freedom fighters
is self-defense.
22
 Soviet military-technical
support
India
Syria
North Yemen
South Yemen
Iraq
Algeria
Angola
Ethiopia
Mozambique
Nigeria
Guinea
Guinea Bissau

Afghanistan
Nicaragua
Libya
23
 Afghanistan
The war in Afghanistan cost the
United States about $1 billion per
annum in aid to the mujahideen; it
cost the Soviet Union eight times as
much, helping bankrupt its economy.

24
 Insurgencies
Central America:
El Salvador and Nicaragua
Mozambique
Angola
Grenada in 1983

25
Nicaragua

26
 Insurgencies - Iran Contra
affair
Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North to
continue covert fundraising efforts to
help the Contras. Over $30 million
was sent into the country. Ironically,
a large portion of that money
actually came from Iran, one of the
US's most dangerous enemies.

27
 Anti-terror: Libya
President Reagan did not back down from
the Libyan terrorist attack on US forces in
Germany
Reagan launched a missile campaign on
Libya, and even bombed the personal
residence of Libya's ruler, Muammar
Qaddafi.
Qaddafi survived the attack, but backed
away from anti-American terrorist
movements.
28
 Reagan summits
Geneva - Nov 1985 trust building,
needs for arms cuts
Reykjavik Oct 1986 50% cuts
proposed
Washington Dec 1987 INF treaty
Moscow May 1988 INF Treaty
signed

29
 George H W
Bush elected
President 1988
(VP,
congressman,
ambassador,
CIA Director)
Cold war ends
1989

30
Reagan Victory

31
 Reagan Victory
Most Western historians see it as
victory for the US and Reagan
-Gaddis, Fukuyama, Kissinger-the US
triumphed because its system was
superior to that of the Soviet Union
vindication of strategy of
containment from Truman to Reagan
containment & nuclear deterrence
brought about collapse of
communism 32
 Gaddis claims that Ronald Reagan
played a key role his Presidency
created the conditions that led
Gorbachev to make concessions:
Military build-up under Reagan forced
Russians to make concessions
because USSR was over-extended
internationally & could not compete
economically
33