Still - Hillsong United with Lyrics.

mp4
 Passive and Active
Transport

Presenter: CHARLOTTE JOY T. ALCALEN

Homeostasis
When organisms adjust internally to
changing external environments
One way to maintain homeostasis is by
controlling the movement of substances
across the cell membrane.
 About Cell Membranes
1. All cells have a cell
membrane
2. Functions:

a. Controls what enters

and exits the cell to
maintain an internal
balance called
homeostasis
TEM picture of
b. Provides protection and
a real cell
support for the cell membrane.
 About Cell Membranes (continued)
3. Cell membranes have pores (holes) in it
a. Selectively permeable: Allows some
molecules in and keeps other molecules out
b. The structure helps it be selective!

Pore
s
 Animations of
Types of Cellular Transport Active Transport
& Passive
Weee
Passive Transport Transport
e!!!
cell doesnt use energy
1. Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion hig
h
3. Osmosis
low
Active Transport
cell does use energy This is
1. Protein Pumps gonna
2. Endocytosis be
hig hard
3. Exocytosis h work!!

low
Transport Across Membranes
Active
transport is
pumping
against the
concentration
gradient
Passive Transport
cell uses no energy
molecules move randomly
Molecules spread out from an area of
high concentration to an area of low
concentration.
(HighLow)
Three types:
3 Types of Passive Transport

1. Diffusion
2. Facilitative Diffusion diffusion with
the help of transport proteins
3. Osmosis diffusion of water
Diffusion
Diffusion is movement from an area of high
concentration to low concentration
Diffusion is passive transport: NO energy is
required!
Passive Transport- Diffusion
Oxygen, Carbon
dioxide, water and
amino acid molecules
are small enough to
diffuse.
Proteins,
carbohydrates, and
other ions are too
large to diffuse.
Passive Transport-Diffusion
 Passive Transport:
Facilitated Diffusion A B
Facilitated diffusion:
diffusion of specific particles
through transport
proteins found in the
membrane
a. Transport Proteins are Facilitated Diffusion
specific they select diffusion (Lipid
only certain molecules (Channel Bilayer)
to cross the membrane Protein)
b. Transports larger or
charged molecules

Carrier Protein
Passive Transport- Facilitated Diffusion

Some ions diffuse through channel proteins. The pores

can always be open or open in response to a
stimulus. No energy is required so this is still
passive transport.
PassiveTransportbyproteins

Some transport proteins, called channel proteins,

form channels that allow specific molecules to flow
through.
 Passive Transport: Facilitated Diffusion
Glucose
molecules
Cellular Transport From a-
High
High Concentration
Channel Proteins
animations

Cell Membrane

Protein
Low Concentration
Low
channel

Transport
Through a
Protein
Go to
Section:
Passive Transport-
Facilitated Diffusion
Passive Transport-
Facilitated

Diffusion
Transport of substances through the cell
membrane down a concentration gradient aided
by carrier or channel proteins.
Passive Transport-
Facilitated Diffusion
 CellMembrane Passive Transport - Cell
Biology.mp4
Osmosis:DiffusionofWater

The diffusion of water across a selectively

permeable membrane is called osmosis.
Regulating the water flow through the plasma
membrane is an important factor in
maintaining homeostasis within a cell.
Whatcontrolsosmosis?

Unequal
distribution of Before
After
particles, called a Osmosis
Osmosis

concentration
gradient, is one
factor that
controls osmosis.

Selectively
permeable Watermolecule

membrane Sugarmolecule
 Osmosis:DiffusionofWater

Most cells whether in multicellular or

unicellular organisms, are subject to osmosis
because they are surrounded by water
solutions.
Concentration of water
Direction of osmosis is determined by
comparing total solute concentrations
tonicity # solutes in solution in relation to

cell
Hypertonic - more solute, less water
Hypotonic - less solute, more water
Isotonic - equal solute, equal water

water

hypotonic hypertonic
net movement of water
 Cellsinanisotonicsolution

isotonic solution-
(= concentrations)
H2O
the concentration of H2O
dissolved substances in
the solution is the same
as the concentration of
dissolved substances
inside the cell.

WaterMolecule
DissolvedMolecule
3

Managing water balance

Isotonic Thats
animal cell immersed in perfect!
mild salt solution
no difference in concentration of
water between cell & environment
problem: none
no net movement of water
flows across membrane equally, in
both directions
cell in equilibrium
volume of cell is stable
I could
be better
example:
blood cells in blood plasma

balanced
 Cellsinanisotonicsolution

water molecules move

into and out of the cell
at the same rate, and
H2 O
cells retain their normal
H2O shape.

Water
Molecule
Dissolved
Molecule
 Cellsinahypertonicsolution

hypertonic solution:
concentrated solution,
thus a high solute
concentration
H2O
In a hypertonic solution, H2O
water leaves a cell by
osmosis, causing the
cell to shrink

Water
Molecule
Dissolved
Molecule
2

Managing water balance

Hypertonic Im shrinking,
Im shrinking!
a cell in salt water
low concentration of water
around cell
problem: cell loses water & can
die
example: shellfish

solution: take up water or pump

out salt
I will
plant cells survive!
plasmolysis = wilt
can recover
saltwater
 Cellsinahypotonicsolution

hypotonic solution:
dilute solution thus low
solute concentration
In a hypotonic solution,
H2O
water enters a cell by
H2O
osmosis, causing the
cell to swell.

Water
Molecule
Dissolved
Molecule
1

Managing water balance

Hypotonic
a cell in fresh water
high concentration of water around cell
problem: cell gains water,
swells & can burst KABOOM!
example: Paramecium
ex: water continually enters
Paramecium cell
solution: contractile vacuole
ATP pumps water out of cell
ATP No problem,
plant cells here
turgid = full
cell wall protects from bursting
freshwater
 Passive Transport - Osmosis
tonicity # solutes in solution in relation to cell

- hypotonic fewer
solutes in solution

animal cell
- isotonic equal
solutes in solution

- hypertonic more
solutes in solution
plant cell
 How Organisms Deal
with Osmotic Pressure
Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them from over-
expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on the cell wall is called
tugor pressure.

A protist like paramecium has contractile vacuoles that collect

water flowing in and pump it out to prevent them from over-
expanding.

Salt water fish pump salt out of their specialized gills so they do
not dehydrate.

Animal cells are bathed in blood. Kidneys keep the blood isotonic
by remove excess salt and water.
 Osmosis-A Solute and Solvent Love
Story.mp4
Active Transport
Transport against the concentration
gradient that requires energy (ATP)
 Active Transport
cell uses energy
actively moves molecules to where they are
needed
Movement from an area of low concentration
to an area of high concentration

(Low High)
Three Types:
 Sodium
Types of Active Transport Potassium
Pumps
(Active
Transport
using
1. Protein Pumps
proteins)
-transport proteins that
require energy to do
work
Example: Sodium /
Potassium Pumps
are important in nerve Protein changes
responses. shape to move
molecules: this
requires energy!
 Sodium-Potassium Pump
Special proteins within the
membrane that transport Na+ and
K- ions
2 Potassiums are brought in for
every 3 Sodiums removed
Active Transport:
Sodium-Potassium Pump
 Howthe Sodium Potassium Pump
Works.mp4
How about large molecules?
Moving large molecules into & out of cell
throughvesicles & vacuoles
Endocytosis cell eating
phagocytosis = cellular eating
pinocytosis = cellular drinking

Exocytosis cell pooping

exocytosis
 Endocytosis and Exocytosis is the
mechanism by which very large molecules
(such as food and wastes) get into and out of
the cell

Food is moved
into the cell by
Endocytosis

Wastes are moved

out of the cell by
Exocytosis
Vesicular Traffic
Eukaryotic cells have an elaborate
system of internal membrane-bounded
structures called organelles.
The membrane traffic flows along highly
organized, directional routes, which
allows cell to secrete and eat.
Each organelle:
carries out a particular set of functions
 4.1 Introduction

Anorganelle comprises one or more

membrane-bounded compartments.

Organelles may act autonomously or in

cooperation to accomplish a given
function.

Inthe endocytic and exocytic pathways,

cargo proteins are transferred between
compartments by transport vesicles.
 4.1 Introduction

Thevesicles form by budding from an

organelles surface.

They
subsequently fuse with the target
membrane of the acceptor compartment.
 4.1 Introduction

Transport vesicles can selectively:

include material destined for transfer
exclude material that must remain in the
organelle from which they bud
Selective inclusion into transport
vesicles is ensured by signals in a
proteins amino acid sequence or
carbohydrate structures.
Transport vesicles contain proteins that
target them specifically to their intended
destinations with which they dock and
fuse.
Endocytic and secretory pathways

red = secretory
green = endocytic
blue = recycling
Different coats are used for different
transport steps in the cell
Clathrin coat form from the plasma
membrane and the trans-Golgi network
and move to late endosomes.
COPII coat form from the rough ER to
the golgi.
COPI coat form in the retrograde
direction between golgi cisternae and
from the cis-golgi back to the rough ER.
Different coats are used for different
transport steps in the cell
4.6 COPII-coated vesicles mediate
transport from the ER to the Golgi
apparatus
COPII vesicles are the only known class
of transport vesicles originating from the
endoplasmic reticulum.

Assembly of the COPII coat proteins at

export sites in the endoplasmic
reticulum requires a GTPase and
structural proteins.
 Types of Active Transport
Endocytosis &
2. Exocytosis: Forces Exocytosis
material out of cell in animations

bulk
membrane surrounding the
material fuses with cell
membrane
Cell changes shape
requires energy
EX: Hormones or
wastes released from
cell
 Exocytosis
Process by which waste and large
particles are released from the cell
A vesicle will fuse with the
membrane, releasing its contents
into the extra cellular environment
4.2 Overview of the exocytic pathway
All eukaryotes have the same complement
of core exocytic compartments:
the endoplasmic reticulum
the compartments of the Golgi apparatus

post-Golgi transport vesicles

1.4.3 Vesicles move materials within cells.

Vesicles are small

spherical packages that bud
off of the RER and the Golgi
apparatus

They carry proteins

produced by ribosomes on
the RER to the Golgi
apparatus, where they are
prepared for export from the
cell via another vesicle

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animation
s/content/vesiclebudding.html
 4.2 Overview of the exocytic pathway

The amount and organization of

exocytic organelles varies from
organism to organism and cell type to
cell type.

Eachorganelle in the exocytic pathway

has a specialized function.

The endoplasmic reticulum is the site

for the synthesis and proper folding of
proteins.
 4.2 Overview of the exocytic pathway

In the Golgi apparatus, proteins are:

Modified

Sorted

carried by the post-Golgi transport vesicles

to the correct destination.
Cargotransport to the plasma
membrane occurs:
directly by a constitutive process or
indirectly by a regulated process.
Thisinvolves temporary storage in secretory
granules until the cell receives an appropriate
stimulus.
1.4.3 Vesicles move materials within cells.
3-dimensional model of the Golgi
Apparatus
Functional Compartmentalization of the
Golgi Apparatus
Types of Active Transport

3. Endocytosis: taking
bulky material into a cell
Uses energy
Cell membrane in-folds
around food particle
cell eating
forms food vacuole &
digests food
This is how white blood
cells eat bacteria!
Ex: White Blood Cells, which are part of the
immune system, surround and engulf
bacteria by endocytosis.
 Endocytosis

Themolecules are enclose in a

bubble of membrane (vesicle) that
pinches away from the cell
membrane
 Endocytosis (continued)

Pinocytosis- ingestion of small

particles and fluid
Phagocytosis- ingestion of large
molecules or other cells
Endocytosis
fuse with
phagocytosis lysosome for
digestion

pinocytosis non-specific
process

triggered by
receptor-mediated molecular
endocytosis signal
4.3 Overview of the endocytic pathway
Extracellular material can be taken into cells by several
different mechanisms.

The low pH and degradative enzymes in endosomes and

lysosomes are important in processing some endocytosed
material.
 4.4 Concepts in vesicle-mediated
protein transport
Transportvesicles move proteins and other
macromolecules from one membrane-
bounded compartment to the next along the
exocytic and endocytic pathways.

Coats
formed from cytoplasmic protein
complexes help to:
generate transport vesicles
select proteins that need to be transported
4.4 Concepts in vesicle-mediated protein transport

Proteins destined for transport to one compartment

are sorted away from:
resident proteins
proteins that are destined for other compartments

Transport vesicles use tethers and SNAREs to dock

and fuse specifically with the next compartment on
the pathway.

Retrograde (backward) movement of transport

vesicles carrying recycled or salvaged proteins
compensates for anterograde (forward) movement of
vesicles.
4.7 Resident proteins that escape from the
ER are retrieved
Abundant, soluble proteins of the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contain
sequences (such as KDEL) or a related
sequence.

These sequences allow them to be

retrieved from later compartments by the
KDEL receptor.
4.8 COPI-coated vesicles mediate retrograde
transport from the Golgi apparatus to the ER

COPI coats bind directly or indirectly to

cargo proteins that are returned to the
endoplasmic reticulum from the Golgi
apparatus.
Different coats are used for different
transport steps in the cell
4.13 Endocytosis is often
mediated by clathrin-coated
vesicles
4.15 Some receptors recycle from early
endosomes whereas others are degraded in
lysosomes

Early endosomes are mildly acidic and lack

degradative enzymes, so:
internalized
ligands can be dissociated without
degradation of their receptors.
Many receptors are recycled to the cell
surface in transport vesicles that bud from
the tubular extensions of early endosomes.
4.15 Some receptors recycle from early endosomes whereas others are degraded in lysosomes

Dissociated ligands are transferred from

early endosomes to the more acidic and
hydrolase-rich late endosomes and
lysosomes for degradation.

Receptors that are not recycled:

aresegregated into vesicles within
multivesicular bodies
move to late endosomes and lysosomes for
degradation
4.15 Some receptors recycle from early endosomes whereas others are degraded in lysosomes

Recycling endosomes are found

adjacent to the nucleus.

They contain a pool of recycling

receptors that can be transported
rapidly to the cell surface when needed.
4.16 Early endosomes become late
endosomes and lysosomes by maturation
Movement of material from early
endosomes to late endosomes and
lysosomes occurs by maturation.

A series of ESCRT protein complexes sorts

proteins into vesicles that bud into the
lumen of endosomes.
This forms multivesicular bodies that facilitate
the process of proteolytic degradation.
4.17 Sorting of lysosomal proteins
occurs in the trans-Golgi network
All newly synthesized membrane and
secretory proteins share the same
pathway up until the TGN.
There they are sorted according to their
destinations into different transport vesicles.

Clathrin-coated vesicles transport

lysosomal proteins from the trans-Golgi
network to maturing endosomes.
4.17 Sorting of lysosomal proteins occurs in the trans-Golgi network

Lysosomal membrane proteins are

transported from the trans-Golgi network
to maturing endosomes.
But,they use different signals than the
soluble lysosomal enzymes.
Different coats are used for different
transport steps in the cell
 Bulk Transport.mp4