FRICTION

WHAT IS FRICTION
Friction is a force
A frictional force arises when two substances
contact each other.
The molecules of each surface interact according

to Newtons Laws of Motion.

Friction always opposes motion, i.e., it is
opposite to the direction of velocity.
 TYPES OF FRICTION

Dry Friction Fluid Friction

Occurs between the non-lubricated surfaces Occurs with fluids,or
of solid objects lubricated surfaces

Static Friction Dynamic Friction

When dry friction acts between two
surfaces that are not moving relative
to each other
> When dry friction acts between two
surfaces that are moving relative to
each other
CONTACT FORCE
Force that occurs between objects that are in
contact with each other.
Contact forces can be resolved into components that
are perpendicular and parallel to the surfaces in
contact.
The perpendicular component is called the normal
force.
The parallel component is called friction.
 CONTACT FORCE IN RUNNING

Friction Force
Normal Force

Resultant force on runner

During the push off phase in running, the normal force acts upward on the
runner, while the friction force acts forward on the runner. The frictional force
is the only force capable of moving the runner horizontally down the track.
The normal force can only accelerate the runner upwards.
FRICTION AND THE NORMAL FORCE
The maximum frictional force is proportional to the
normal contact force.
An increase in the normal force results in an
increase in the maximum friction.
This is because the molecules on the two surfaces
are pushed together more, thus increasing their
interactions.
INCREASED WEIGHT, INCREASED
NORMAL FORCE, INCREASED
FRICTION

10 kg
5 kg

Surfaces are more compressed together and there are

more interactions between molecules
FRICTION AND SURFACE AREA
Friction is not affected by the size of the surface
area in contact.
If the normal force remains constant, but the
contacting surface area is increased, then the
normal force is spread out over more molecules,
thus the force on each molecule is reduced.
Amontons (1699)
What about race car tires?
 CALCULATING FRICTION
Ff_max = FN

Ff_max is the maximum force of friction

(Mu) is the coefficient of friction
FN is the normal force
Friction can range in value from -Ff_max to +Ff_max
depends on the types of surfaces that are
interacting. It would be low for rubber on ice, but
high for rubber on asphalt. It also depends on
whether the surfaces are moving relative to each
other ( static or dynamic )
 FRICTION EXAMPLE
A 5 kg block of wood rests on a ceramic counter. If the coefficient of static
friction between the block and the counter is 0.4, what horizontal force is
necessary to move the block.

Fh Fh Free body
5 kg mg diagram
Ff

FN
Fy = may
FN mg = may = 0
FN = mg
Normal force = FN = mg = 5 x 9.81 = 49 N

Fx = max
Fh= Friction force = FN = 0.4 x 49 = 19.6 N Fh Ff = max = 0
F h = Ff
HORSE PULLING CART

According to Newtons 3rd Law, these forces are equal and opposite. So, if
the horse pulls forward on the cart with the same force as the cart pulls
back on the horse, how will the horse ever move the cart?
 SOLUTION
Friction acts on the horses feet but very little acts on the wheels
of the cart. Drawing a free body diagram reveals the answer.
The horse and cart are one system so the forces in between
them are internal and cannot produce a change in motion of the
system.

FF mg FF
FN
FN

Friction force resulting Force of friction on the

from the horse pulling wheel which opposes the
back on the ground motion of the horse-cart
system
BRAKES
 BRAKES AND CLUTCHES ARE ESSENTIALLY THE
SAME DEVICES. EACH IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ROTATION

Brakes, absorb kinetic energy of the moving

bodies and covert it to heat
Clutches Transmit power between two shafts
BAND AND BLOCK BRAKE
Appllication
BLOCK BRAKE
SHOE BRAKE
CLUTCHES
TYPES OF CLUTCHES
1. Disc or plate clutches
2. Cone clutches
3. Centrifugal clutches
Flat-plate friction clutches
Friction
springs
plate
W W (axial thrust)
Driving T
shaft
T Driven
shaft
Friction
Pressure lining
plates
Single-plate Friction Clutch (Disengaged position)
Flat-plate friction clutches
Friction plate springs
W W (axial
Driving thrust)
T
shaft
T Driven
shaft
Pressure Friction
plates lining
Single-plate Friction Clutch (Engaged position)
Flat-plate friction clutches

An example is the clutch found in most

automobiles.
Multi plate clutches
In a multi plate clutch, the torque is
transmitted by friction between several pairs
of co-axial annular driving faces maintained
in contact by an axial thrust.
Both sides of each plate are lined with friction
material, so that a single-plate clutch has two
pairs of driving faces in contact.
Multi plate clutches

n = no. of pairs of driving faces.

Then, for a plate clutch, the maximum
torque transmitted is

T nWrm
Multi plate clutch
Pressure plates

1 2 3 4 5 6

driver driven

No. of driving
pairs n = 6 Friction plates
Cone clutch
= semi-apex angle of
the cone

Only one pair of driving
surfaces is possible, n =1
w
Driving Driven
shaft shaft
Friction
lining
The maximum torque transmitted = T = Wrm cosec
 Centrifugal clutch F=mr2

P
Driven
shaft

Driving
shaft R
Friction lining

Total friction torque , T = nR(F-P)

BELT DRIVE
BELT DRIVE
1. A belt is a looped strip of flexible material, used
to mechanically link two or more rotating
shafts.
2. They may be used as a source of motion, to
efficiently transmit power, or to track relative
movement. Belts are looped over pulleys.
3. In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive
the pulleys in the same direction, or the belt
may be crossed, so that the direction of the
shafts is opposite.
OPEN BELT DRIVE
CROSS BELT DRIVE.
COMPOUND BELT DRIVE
 ADVANTAGES OF BELT DRIVE
They are simple. They are economical.
Parallel shafts are not required.
Overload and jam protection are provided.
Noise and vibration are damped out. Machinery
life is prolonged because load fluctuations are
cushioned (shock-absorbed).
They are lubrication-free. They require only low
maintenance.
They are highly efficient (9098%, usually 95%).
Some misalignment is tolerable.
They are very economical when shafts are
separated by large distances.
DISADVANTAGES OF BELT DRIVE
The angular-velocity ratio is not necessarily constant
or equal to the ratio of pulley diameters, because of
belt slip and stretch.
Heat buildup occurs. Speed is limited to usually 7000
feet per minute (35 meters per second). Power
transmission is limited to 370 kilowatts (500
horsepower).
Operating temperatures are usually restricted to 31
to 185F (35 to 85C).
Some adjustment of center distance or use of an idler
pulley is necessary for wear and stretch compensation.
A means of disassembly must be provided to install
endless belts.