WSAM

Presented by :
Rahul raj
Allowances in Time Study:

Definitions:

Allowances in time study can be defined as the extra time figures

which are to be added to the basic time of an operation .

Standard time of a job is obtained by adding various allowances to

the basic or normal time of the job.

The fundamental purpose of allowances is to add enough time to the

basic time of the production in order to enable the average worker to
meet the standard while performing at a normal pace. The
determination of allowances is probably the most controversial part
of work study.
 Reasons for allowances:

1. Individual reason
A thin, alert and active worker requires a smaller allowance to recover from
fatigue than an inept, dull and obese worker. In the similar manner, every worker
conducts his work according to the Learning Curve which is unique for everyone.

2.Nature of work:
Allowances calculated for light or medium work are not acceptable for
operation involving very hard work and which is done under very difficult
conditions. For example, the work involving more eye movement, more physical
work (by hands or by legs) or more mental work needs greater allowances than
that of light easy and work involving very less physical work or movements.

3.Environmental factors:
While determining the relaxation allowance, certain factors like heat, humidity,
vibration, dust, light intensity, noise level etc. have to be taken into account.
These are called the environmental factors and these factors are of seasonal
nature.
 1.Relaxation allowance,
Type of Allowances:

2.contigency allowance,
3.other special allowances.
Relaxation allowance is the most essential part of the time
added to the basic time.
Relaxation allowances are added so as to allow the worker or
operator to recover from fatigue.
Fatigue can be defined as mental or physical weariness, existing
in a person which adversely affects his efficiency in working. And
giving rest breaks, during which the body part, gets relaxed and
recovers from exertion. It can also be lessened by lowering down
the rate of working.

There are two types of relaxation allowance:

Fixed allowance and variable allowance
 FIXED ALLOWANCE

Fixed allowances consist of the allowances given for personnel needs

or desire.
These personnel needs includes going for getting a drink etc.

The usual percentage of the personnel allowances is 5% for male

workers and 7% for women. Women need more personnel time than
man.

Fixed allowance also includes the allowances for the basic fatigue.

This allowances is given to take account of the energy expanded

during work and to remove the monotony.

Fatigue allowance is 4% given to the worker.

 Variable Allowances:

In calculating the relaxation allowance, variable allowances are added to

the fixed allowances which are made, depending upon the circumstances
of the job. Variable addition is given be improved.
These are some variable factors which are added to the fixed allowance :

Standing
Weightlifting applications.
Light conditions.
Abnormal position.
Visual strains.
Aural strenes.
Mental stress.
Mental monotony.
Physical monotony.
2.Contingency Allowances :
It is also known as delay allowance. It accounts for some other
contingencies such as unexpected work as well. A contingency
allowance is an allowances of time that is to be added in normal time
or to be included in standard time for unexpected work or delays,
Delays can be avoidable and unavoidable.
These delays which are intentional on the part of worker are avoidable
,So no allowance is provided to them. But allowances are given for
unavoidable delays which are beyond the control of the worker. For
example, breakdowns, of machines, shortage of raw materials, etc.
Some other minor works may come up occasionally. For example,
checking the machine setting, rework and measurement. Contingency
allowances are to be given for these.
Usually, it is taken as 5%. These allowances are to be added only
when the analyst is completely satisfied that the minor extra work or
the unavoidable delays cannot be eliminated.
3.Other and Special Allowances

1.Special Allowances:
As the name suggests, these allowances are added for some special conditions. Most of
these allowances are temporary and are taken out as soon as conditions normalise.

(a) Start up, shut down, and tooling:

These allowances are given per work period. These allowances compensate for the time
loss during cleaning and tooling periods and the shut down at the end of the work period.

(b) Setup and change over:

These types of allowances are provided when a new type of product is started. There
include the time taken in set up of machine. Dismantling the previous work piece or tool for
new set up is also included in it as the worker is forced to be idle when the new set up is
mounted or the previous one is being withdrawn. These allowances are withdrawn as soon as
the production starts completely.

(c) Rejection reworks and excess work:

A rejection allowance is provided to compensate for rejection of work. This product
rejection is inherent in much process because of come uncontrollable factors. Reworks also
present this similar picture. So, these allowances are added for certain conditions when the
work is not being done under standard conditions and some excess work results.
D Learning, training and implementation:
And the name suggests, these allowances are given to the trainees before they acquire full
ability to perform a task within the actual standard time. Some of the workers are engaged in
implant training of new operatives and thus some of their production time is lost in this process.
Thus, at this stage, training allowances are added.

Policy Allowances:
Policy allowance is not a part of time study. It can be permanent or temporary in nature. It is
applied according to the policy of the firm in which the time standard is to be applied. Policy
allowance is given to honour the wage agreements that are made by the employers with the
trade unions.

A policy allowance can be defined as follows:

It is an increment (other than the bonus increment) applied to the standard time to achieve
a satisfactory level of earnings for a particular level of performance under the exceptional
circumstances.

A policy allowance can be added as a temporary factor to compensate for any imperfections in
the functioning of a firm, But, in this situation, it should be withdrawn as soon as the condition
normalises
 Standard time

Standard Allowed Minute or Standard Minute Value (SAM or SMV) is

an important factor ingarments manufacturingindustry.
Production rate can be calculated by using it. But Standard minutes
(SAM or SMV) estimation is not a tough task that we have normally
seemed.

Calculation Method of Standard Minute (SAM or SMV) in Apparel

Industry:

An industrial engineer should follow the below formula for calculating

SAM or SMV.
SAM = (Basic minute + Bundle allowances + Machine and
Personal allowances)
Basic time=observed time*rating
Normally bundle allowances should be added 10% with basic time

and Machine and Personal allowances added 20% with basic time .
Two methods of calculating SAM

In this case, SAM or SMV Calculation can be done by using

synthetic data.
Step 1: Select one operation for which you want to calculate SAM.

Step 2: Study the motions of that operation. Stand by side of an

operator (experienced one) and see the operator how he is doing it.
Note all movement used by the operator in doing one complete cycle of
work. See carefully again and recheck your note if all
movement/motion are captured and correct. (for example motions are
like - pick up parts one hand or two hand, align part on table or
machine foot, realign plies, etc.)
Calculating of SAM through time study

Step 1:Select one operation for which you want to calculate SAM.

Step 2:Take one stop watch. Stand by side of the operator. Capture cycle time for that
operation. (cycle time total time taken to do all works needed to complete one
operation, i.e. time from pick up part of first piece to next pick up of the next piece).
Dotime study forconsecutivefive cycles. Discard if found abnormal time in any cycle.
Calculate average of the 5 cycles. Time you got from time study is called cycle time. To
convert this cycle time into basic time you have to multiply cycle time with operator
performance rating.
Step 3:Performance rating. Now you have to rate the operator at what performance
level he was doing the job seeing his movement and work speed. Suppose that
operator performance rating is 80%. Suppose cycle time is 0.60 minutes. Basic time =
(0.60 X 80%) = 0.48 minutes

Step 4:Standard allowed minutes (SAM) = (Basic minute + Bundle allowances +

machine and personal allowances). Add bundle allowances (10%) and machine and
personal allowances (20%) to basic time. Now you got Standard Minute value (SMV) or
SAM. SAM= (0.48+0.048+0.096) = 0.624 minutes .