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CHAPTER 7
External flow
Heat Transfer #1
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
External Flow: Flat Plate
Heat Transfer #2
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
External Flow: Flat Plate
Where weve been
General overview of the convection transfer
equations.
Developed the key non-dimensional parameters
used to characterize the boundary layer flow and
convective heat and mass transfer.
hL
Nu
kf
Heat Transfer #3
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Differences between external and internal flow
External flow:
Boundary layer develops freely, without
constraints
Internal flow:
Boundary layer is constrained and eventually
merges
Heat Transfer #4
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
How this impacts convective heat transfer
Ts T
wall
T temperature
fluid thermal qs k f gradient
conductivity y y 0
and qs Also
Heat Transfer #5
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Methods to evaluate convection heat transfer
Heat Transfer #6
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Empirical method to obtain heat transfer
coefficient
How to set up an experimental test?
Lets say you want to know the heat transfer rate
of an airplane wing (with fuel inside) flying at
steady conditions.
T , U
Twing surface
Heat Transfer #7
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Empirical method to obtain heat transfer
coefficient
Experimental test setup
Power input
T , U
L
insulation
Heat Transfer #8
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Analytical Solution Laminar Flow
Assume:
Steady, incompressible, laminar flow
Constant fluid properties
For flat plate,
T , U y
Ts
Energy T T 2T
u v 2
x y y
Heat Transfer #9
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Analytical Solution Laminar Flow (Contd)
u and v
y x
Define new dependent and independent
variables,
f ( )
u x / u
y u / x
df df
f (0) 0 and 1
d 0 d
Heat Transfer # 10
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Analytical Solution Laminar Flow (Contd)
T * 1
For Pr 0.6 0.332 Pr 3
0
Expressing the local convection coefficient
*
as: u T
hx k
x 0
Then the Local Nusselt number is:
Eq. hx x
7.21 Nu x 0.332 Re1x/ 2 Pr1/ 3 For 0.6 Pr 50
k
Heat Transfer # 11
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Analytical Solution Laminar Flow (Contd)
Heat Transfer # 12
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Analytical Solution Laminar Flow (Contd)
u
s , x 0.332u
x
s,x
C f ,x 2 0.664 Re x1/ 2
u / 2
s,x 1 x
C f ,x 2 s,x s , x dx
u / 2 x 0
C f , x 1.328 Re x 1/ 2
Heat Transfer # 13
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Analytical Solution Turbulent Flow
0.37 x Re -1x 5
Nu x StRe x Pr 0.0296 Re 4x 5 Pr1 3 0.6 Pr 60
Important point:
Typically a
turbulent boundary
layer is preceded by
a laminar boundary
layer first upstream
need to
consider case with
mixed boundary
layer conditions!
1 xc L
hx hlam dx hturb dx
L 0 xc
Heat Transfer # 14
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Analytical Solution Mixed Boundary Layer
Integrating
Heat Transfer # 15
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Analytical Solution Special Cases
Heat Transfer # 17
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Example Cooling of automobile crankcase
Given:
Automobile crankcase with approximate
dimensions of 0.6 m long, 0.2 m wide and
0.1 m deep.
Surface temperature of 350 K
Ambient temperature of 300 K
Vehicle velocity of 30 m/s
Find:
Heat loss from bottom surface exposed to
air stream
Heat Transfer # 18
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Example Cooling of automobile crankcase
(Contd)
1. Determine air properties at an average film
temperature T Ts T 325 K
f
2
kg N s
m3 m2
W
Pr k
mK
2. Calculate Reynolds #
Heat Transfer # 19
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Example Cooling of automobile crankcase
(Contd)
Analysis procedure
Heat Transfer # 20
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Example: Cooling air over electronic chips
Given:
Cooling air drawn over electronic devices
mounted on board.
T = 27 C Q = 40 mW each device
V = 10 m/s
turbulator
15 mm CL
Assumptions?
Solution Method?
Heat Transfer # 21
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Example: Consider atmospheric air at 25 and a
velocity of 25 m/s flowing over both surfaces of a 1-m
long flat plate that is maintained at 125 . Determine
the rate of heat transfer per unit width from the plate
for values of the critical Reynolds number
5 5 6
corresponding to 10 , 5 10 , and 10 .
Heat Transfer # 22
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Heat Transfer # 23
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
External Flow: Flat Plate
Heat Transfer # 24
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Have a good time!
Heat Transfer # 25
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical